YD: CULTURE & IDENTITY

Question 1

What do Decker and Van Winkle state are the reasons for deprived youths joining gangs?

Answer 1

‘Push’ and ‘pull’ factors.

Question 2

What does White state about gangs and social deprivation?

Answer 2

Gangs tend to be linked to ‘underclass’ conditions, of poverty and social exclusion, and that they arise whenever and wherever these become evident.

Question 3

What did Brown state three possible responses to education among working class youths could be?

Answer 3

1. ‘getting in’ - low achievers who join manual occupations.
2. ‘getting out’ high achievers who want to improve their social position.
3. ‘getting on’ - ‘ordinary’ working class youths.

Question 4

What were the three groups identified by Mac an Ghaill with regards to responses to school?

Answer 4

1. the ‘ordinary’ lads - not academic but indifferent to school.
2. the ‘academic achievers’ - pro-school and worked hard.
3. the ‘macho lads’ - valued acting tough.

Question 5

What does Reay argue about educational failure?

Answer 5

That it is understandable when confronted with a high risk of educational failure, that anti-school and oppositional attitudes develop.

Question 6

What does Messerschmidt state that gangs are for delinquent boys?

Answer 6

A gang acts as a location for ‘doing masculinity’, which has to be ‘accomplished’ and proved.

Question 7

How does Harding suggest masculinity is made?

Answer 7

Depends on the social field a young male finds himself in.

Question 8

What does Campbell argue led to extreme forms of masculinity?

Answer 8

The abandonment of certain communities.

Question 9

How does Connell argue against reasoning for extreme forms of masculinity?

Answer 9

Raises and rejects several ‘common-sense’ explanations for male violence. Also rejects psychological and biological explanations.

Question 10

What does Heidenson state is the explanation for the lower incidence of female deviance?

Answer 10

Girls are subject to much more control in terms of their behaviour.

Question 11

What did Heidenson label girls as?

Answer 11

‘Double deviant’.

Question 12

What did Klein state about female gang members?

Answer 12

They commit equally violent acts as their male counterparts.

Question 13

What did Pearce and Pitts estimate about female gang involvement?

Answer 13

Estimated that 12,500 young women and girls have close involvement with gangs.

Question 14

What did Mac an Ghaill state the 3F’s of macho lads are?

Answer 14

Fighting, football and f***ing.

Question 15

What did Mac an Ghaill argue that the macho lads show?

Answer 15

Extreme forms of ‘macho behaviour’ - ‘hegemonic’ masculinity.

Question 16

What did Archer and Yamashita state were the norms and value of boys in inner-city London?

Answer 16

Norms and value were anti-school and anti-education. Attached to a ‘bad boy’ image, which demonstrated a form of ‘hyper-heterosexuality’.

Question 17

What did Jackson mean by ‘ladettes’?

Answer 17

Culture in which girls act more masculine, including, smoking, swearing, acting ‘hard’ and being loud.

Question 18

What did Blackman state about the New Wave Girls?

Answer 18

Were a high-profile, academic and resistant youth subculture. Based on resistance related to gender.

Question 19

What did Nightingale state about young black males in Philadelphia?

Answer 19

They consumed mainstream US culture through media, sharing values like consumerism. However, they were excluded both racially and economically.

Question 20

What did Nightingale state these boys did to achieve mainstream values?

Answer 20

Turned to illegitimate means such as violence and crime.

Question 21

What did Bourgois argue about Latino and African-American drug dealers?

Answer 21

The anguish of growing up poor in the richest city in the world (NYC).

Question 22

What did Nightingale mean by ‘paradox of inclusion’?

Answer 22

The desire to be included drives the desire for success, designer labels and American lifestyle yet being from poverty means criminal and deviant behaviour.

Question 23

What did the Centre for Social Justice’s 2009 report on gangs show about ethnicity and gangs?

Answer 23

The ethnicity of gang members tends to reflect the ethnicity of the local population.

Question 24

What did Sewell state about culture of the streets for black males?

Answer 24

Anti-education, valuing style and instant gratification and seeing educational success as feminine.

Question 25

What are the four anti-school subcultures identified by Merton?

Answer 25

1. Conformists
2. Innovators
3. Retreatists
4. Rebels

Question 26

What did Mirza state about attitudes towards education from African-Caribbean girls?

Answer 26

Pro-education anti-school. Resented teacher labels, racism and expectation of failure, however, they adopted ‘strategic rationalisation’ to deal with this.

Question 27

What did Archer state about Muslim boys attitudes in peer groups?

Answer 27

Demonstrated their masculine and religious identity in peer groups, against a backdrop of Islamophobia.

Question 28

What does Young argue about the New Right view?

Answer 28

Challenges it as a ‘sociology of vindictiveness’.

Question 29

What does Young state about the feelings of underclass youths?

Answer 29

‘Intensity of exclusion’ felt by the underclass, causes feelings of anger and resentment fuelled by economic insecurity.

Question 30

What did Willis find in ‘Learning to Labour’?

Answer 30

The boys who messed around in school, knew they would work in factories like there dad’s and so did not share the school’s value on education.