Yamomoto Flashcards
Name on of the objects most frequently offered by majority of chimpanzee as potential tool in 1st “can see”
- Stick/straw
What behaviour was displayed only by chimpanzee Ayumu in “cannot see” condition + “ can see”
- he peeked through glass
- he looked over the booth
- 93% offered in in stick/straw = CAN SEE —> He looked through hole/window
- 78% offered stick/straw in 1st can see condition
Outline one conclusion from this study
- chimpanzees can target help + show altruistic behaviour
- chimpanzee will offer help to other chimpanzees once understand their needs but a visual assessment is needed
Outline what is meany by ‘altruism’ and ‘empathy’
- the willingness to help someone else even if disadvantages you/gain no benefit
- ability to understand emotional state of others by imaging what it would like to be in that situation
Outline how one result from this study supports concept of altruism OR empathy
Altruism
- majority of chimps offered stick/straw to other chimp = this allowed other chimp to reach juice + drink it so chimp offering tool did NOT get juice/no gain
Empathy
- majority of chimps offered stick/straw to other chimp= done as chimp offering may have imagined what is what like to be in the situation of needing a tool to solve the task
Describe results of performance from both cleo and pan in 1st “can see” condition
Cleo
- offered stick/straw more frequently than any other tool
- she offered stick/straw more frequently in 97.4% of trails
Pan
- she offered brush most frequently than any other tool
- she offered brush more frequently/happened in 79.5% of trials
Describe ethical guidlines for working w animals that are relevant to this study
- number of animals = Yamamoto only used 5 kin pairings + prevent individual differences + practice/boredom
-replacement= research team should consider using footages from wild/zoos as evidence or computer simulations to avoid harm to animal
- deprevation= research team should not withhold food/basic needs to test social behavior as it can cause permanent harm to animal
Describe the task that chimpanzees needed to solve in the Yamamoto et al. study (chimpanzee helping
- chimp had to select + transfer appropriate tool for other chimp = so they could solve a task to obtain juice/reward
Outline one way in which this study has real world application for children
- could be useful for teachers = teach children about altruism/empathy by replicating tasks for children to complete
Describe familirastion phase
- 8 trials per chimp
- lasted 5 mins
- 1 trial per day
- freely manipulate any tool
- no tool use situation was created for them
How to prevent order effects + practice
- Can counterbalance
7 tools
- Stick
- Straw
- Rope
- Brush
- Hose
- Chain
- Belt
Strength of study
- HIgh validity and reliability as was lab experiment done w many high controls
- same 7 objects/same size booths so w theses specifics its easy to replicate + evaluated = increases reliability
Outline 2 possible outcomes that ended the trial
- Recipepnt chimp succeeded in getting juice reward
- When 5 mins had passed w/o appropriate tool transfer
Explain why a bar chart is most appropriate way to display these results
- Tool needed was in 2 categories, stick or straw needed
- Categorical/discrete data = good representation of stick/straw offered when needed
- Can compare different metric values
Outline how “offer” of tool was operatonalised in study
- when chimp held out a tool (towards reciepent)
- did not matter if recipent recievd tool (or not)
- only first offer counted
- upon request if reciving chimpanzee requested tool
- voluntary if chimp giver offered tool w no request
2 characteristics of sample used other than they were chimpanzees
- five pairs
- each paired with kin/mother
- 3 juveniles
Describe data from 2nd “can see” condition
- there was object offered in 97.9% of cases
- 3 chimps offered potential tools more frequent;y than non-tool objects with Ai doing this 81.3% of the time
- Offered relevant tool more frequently than irrelevant tool for both stick + straw tasks
Explain why this study is from the social approach
- study investigated how 2 chimps interacted to solve a task + to see how behaviour was influenced by social contect of being able to see other chimp
- study was about chimp in social context of providing targeted help when requetsed
Explain 1 strength of using animals as ppt in study
- allows for greater controls to be used (compared to humans) so in this study using experimental booth choice/nature of task is smth we cannot perform on human s
Describe 2 tasks chimpanzees had to solve in study by yamomoto
STICK
- 1 chimp needed stick to reach for juice
- 1 chimp needed stick to reach juice in another booth which was out of reach w/o it
STRAW
- 1 chimp needed straw to drink some juice
- 1 chimp needed straw to drink from carton that was fixed to wall
Outline one result from the first “can see” condition
- all chimps excpet Pan first offered potential tools signifcantly more often than non tools
Describe the procedure of the First ‘Can See’ condition
- chimps in separate booths
-wall divider separating both booths - Each chimp was either a helper or recipient;
- There was a task that needed a stick or straw to solve;
- 1 chimps had a tray of seven objects;
The helper could give the recipient an object through the hole / hole in the wall so chimpanzee could pass a tool through.
Describe the procedure of the ‘Cannot See’ condition
Cannot See:
- chimps in separate booths
- The wall between them was opaque/blurry
- Except for a small window that could only be accessed by chimp
- if purposely wanted to look through it (to help)
individial explanation vs social
- ayumu peeked through glass/hole in can see + pan showed prefrence for brush
- chimps demonstrated flexible targeted helping depending on partner tool use situation + ayumu looked through hole
Privacy ethical guidline
- ppt have right to ignore/not reveal person details they arent comfortable w sharing
psych investigated
- Altruism was investigated which is helping another chimpanzee out without any benefit to themselves
- e.g one chimp gave another chimp a straw to drink the juice even though the chimp giving the straw never got the juice
- Empathy was looked into which is understanding the emotional state of another organism
- Looked at targeting helping and seeing if organisms would use altruism to help w/o expecting a reward;
-Can an organism comprehend the specific needs of another organism
housing guildine and numbers + rewards+ species
socially housed at kyoto uni so NOT BROKEN = account for social behaviour of species
5 kin pairings NOT BROKEN= exp should use least num of animals needed
1 chimp rewarded at expense of another e.g gains juice BROKEN = behaviours cannot be controlled by use of rewards only
Chimps social animals + live in group in captiivty = choose appropriate species for study
