Yamomoto

Question 1

Name on of the objects most frequently offered by majority of chimpanzee as potential tool in 1st “can see”

Answer 1

• Stick/straw

Question 2

What behaviour was displayed only by chimpanzee Ayumu in “cannot see” condition + “ can see”

Answer 2

• he peeked through glass
• he looked over the booth
• 93% offered in in stick/straw = CAN SEE —> He looked through hole/window
• 78% offered stick/straw in 1st can see condition

Question 3

Outline one conclusion from this study

Answer 3

• chimpanzees can target help + show altruistic behaviour
• chimpanzee will offer help to other chimpanzees once understand their needs but a visual assessment is needed

Question 4

Outline what is meany by ‘altruism’ and ‘empathy’

Answer 4

• the willingness to help someone else even if disadvantages you/gain no benefit
• ability to understand emotional state of others by imaging what it would like to be in that situation

Question 5

Outline how one result from this study supports concept of altruism OR empathy

Answer 5

Altruism
- majority of chimps offered stick/straw to other chimp = this allowed other chimp to reach juice + drink it so chimp offering tool did NOT get juice/no gain

Empathy
- majority of chimps offered stick/straw to other chimp= done as chimp offering may have imagined what is what like to be in the situation of needing a tool to solve the task

Question 6

Describe results of performance from both cleo and pan in 1st “can see” condition

Answer 6

Cleo
- offered stick/straw more frequently than any other tool
- she offered stick/straw more frequently in 97.4% of trails

Pan
- she offered brush most frequently than any other tool
- she offered brush more frequently/happened in 79.5% of trials

Question 7

Describe ethical guidlines for working w animals that are relevant to this study

Answer 7

• number of animals = Yamamoto only used 5 kin pairings + prevent individual differences + practice/boredom

-replacement= research team should consider using footages from wild/zoos as evidence or computer simulations to avoid harm to animal

• deprevation= research team should not withhold food/basic needs to test social behavior as it can cause permanent harm to animal

Question 8

Describe the task that chimpanzees needed to solve in the Yamamoto et al. study (chimpanzee helping

Answer 8

• chimp had to select + transfer appropriate tool for other chimp = so they could solve a task to obtain juice/reward

Question 9

Outline one way in which this study has real world application for children

Answer 9

• could be useful for teachers = teach children about altruism/empathy by replicating tasks for children to complete

Question 10

Describe familirastion phase

Answer 10

• 8 trials per chimp
• lasted 5 mins
• 1 trial per day
• freely manipulate any tool
• no tool use situation was created for them

Question 11

How to prevent order effects + practice

Answer 11

• Can counterbalance

Question 12

7 tools

Answer 12

1. Stick
2. Straw
3. Rope
4. Brush
5. Hose
6. Chain
7. Belt

Question 13

Strength of study

Answer 13

• HIgh validity and reliability as was lab experiment done w many high controls
• same 7 objects/same size booths so w theses specifics its easy to replicate + evaluated = increases reliability

Question 14

Outline 2 possible outcomes that ended the trial

Answer 14

1. Recipepnt chimp succeeded in getting juice reward
2. When 5 mins had passed w/o appropriate tool transfer

Question 15

Explain why a bar chart is most appropriate way to display these results

Answer 15

1. Tool needed was in 2 categories, stick or straw needed
2. Categorical/discrete data = good representation of stick/straw offered when needed
3. Can compare different metric values

Question 16

Outline how “offer” of tool was operatonalised in study

Answer 16

• when chimp held out a tool (towards reciepent)
• did not matter if recipent recievd tool (or not)
• only first offer counted
• upon request if reciving chimpanzee requested tool
• voluntary if chimp giver offered tool w no request

Question 17

2 characteristics of sample used other than they were chimpanzees

Answer 17

• five pairs
• each paired with kin/mother
• 3 juveniles

Question 18

Describe data from 2nd “can see” condition

Answer 18

• there was object offered in 97.9% of cases
• 3 chimps offered potential tools more frequent;y than non-tool objects with Ai doing this 81.3% of the time
• Offered relevant tool more frequently than irrelevant tool for both stick + straw tasks

Question 19

Explain why this study is from the social approach

Answer 19

• study investigated how 2 chimps interacted to solve a task + to see how behaviour was influenced by social contect of being able to see other chimp
• study was about chimp in social context of providing targeted help when requetsed

Question 20

Explain 1 strength of using animals as ppt in study

Answer 20

• allows for greater controls to be used (compared to humans) so in this study using experimental booth choice/nature of task is smth we cannot perform on human s

Question 21

Describe 2 tasks chimpanzees had to solve in study by yamomoto

Answer 21

STICK
- 1 chimp needed stick to reach for juice
- 1 chimp needed stick to reach juice in another booth which was out of reach w/o it
STRAW
- 1 chimp needed straw to drink some juice
- 1 chimp needed straw to drink from carton that was fixed to wall

Question 22

Outline one result from the first “can see” condition

Answer 22

• all chimps excpet Pan first offered potential tools signifcantly more often than non tools

Question 23

Describe the procedure of the First ‘Can See’ condition

Answer 23

• chimps in separate booths
  -wall divider separating both booths
• Each chimp was either a helper or recipient;
• There was a task that needed a stick or straw to solve;
• 1 chimps had a tray of seven objects;
  The helper could give the recipient an object through the hole / hole in the wall so chimpanzee could pass a tool through.

Question 24

Describe the procedure of the ‘Cannot See’ condition

Answer 24

Cannot See:
- chimps in separate booths
- The wall between them was opaque/blurry
- Except for a small window that could only be accessed by chimp
- if purposely wanted to look through it (to help)

Question 25

individial explanation vs social

Answer 25

• ayumu peeked through glass/hole in can see + pan showed prefrence for brush
• chimps demonstrated flexible targeted helping depending on partner tool use situation + ayumu looked through hole

Question 26

Privacy ethical guidline

Answer 26

• ppt have right to ignore/not reveal person details they arent comfortable w sharing

Question 27

psych investigated

Answer 27

• Altruism was investigated which is helping another chimpanzee out without any benefit to themselves
• e.g one chimp gave another chimp a straw to drink the juice even though the chimp giving the straw never got the juice
• Empathy was looked into which is understanding the emotional state of another organism
• Looked at targeting helping and seeing if organisms would use altruism to help w/o expecting a reward;

-Can an organism comprehend the specific needs of another organism

Question 28

housing guildine and numbers + rewards+ species

Answer 28

socially housed at kyoto uni so NOT BROKEN = account for social behaviour of species

5 kin pairings NOT BROKEN= exp should use least num of animals needed

1 chimp rewarded at expense of another e.g gains juice BROKEN = behaviours cannot be controlled by use of rewards only

Chimps social animals + live in group in captiivty = choose appropriate species for study