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psych AS level > Dement and Kleitman 9 (andro) > Flashcards

Dement and Kleitman 9 (andro) Flashcards

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1
Q

technique used to measure brain activity

A
  • EOG/EEEG
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2
Q

why EOG/EEG used to measure brain activity

A
  • to identify when person was in REM/nREM
  • Analyse brain wave patterns of ppt
  • measure is objective + reliable
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3
Q

outline 1 dream reported when VERTICAL eye movement recorded

A
  • climbing set of ladders looking up and down as they did
  • throwing basketballs at hoop + then looking up at net/down to pick up another ball
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4
Q

Describe procedures aft electrodes fitted

A
  • ppt went to bed in quiet,dark room
  • at various times during night, ppt woken up by doorbell
  • ppt awoken in REM/nREM OR 5/15 mins aft REM began
  • tested on dream recall + estimate length of time in REM
  • if recalled dream asked to describe it into tape recorder
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5
Q

one reason why procedure standerdised

A
  • allow study to be more easily replicated
    + tested for reliability e.g 5/15 in REM before awoken means exact replication POSSIBLE
  • increases internal validity of study SO cause + effect more likely to be seen e.g knowing it was if REM caused dreams to reported
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6
Q

what does EEG measure

A
  • brain waves
  • brain activity
  • voltage
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7
Q

1 conclusion abt relationship between eye movements
+ dreaming

A
  • eye movements correspond to dream content SO eye movements not random + related to dream imagery
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8
Q

Quant result from dream duration estimates

A
  • ppt more accurate at estimating 5 mins (88%) compared to 15 mins (78%)
  • number of dreams recalled
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9
Q

Qual result from dream content reports

A
  • 1 ppt reported dream of climbing up ladder + looking up and down as he climbed
  • number of words used to describe dreams
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10
Q

DREAM RECALL in REM vs ESTIMATIONS of dream duration in REM

A

DREAM RECALL
- more dream recall in REM compared to NO recall in nREM
- 152 instances of dream recall in REM vs 11 in nREM across ppt

DREAM DURATION
- ppt more accurate at estimating 5 mins compared to 15 mins on

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11
Q

conclusion abt eye movement during REM

A
  • eye movements during REM tend to fit w/ what dreamer is looking at suggesting eye movements are NOT random at all
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12
Q

describe revised procedure used to measure ppt estimates of REM duration

A
  • ppt awoken at ethier 5/15 mins aft onset of REM
  • asked to choose if they had been dreaming for 5/15 mins
  • checked estimate against real time
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13
Q

name 2 things ppt asked to do OR NOT TO DO prior to study/situational v’s?

A
  • arrive a little before normal bedtime
  • avoid alcohol
  • avoid caffeinated drinks
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14
Q

suggest real life application of study

A
  • EEG can detect REM/nREM sleep so could be useful for ppl w/ sleep disorders
  • psychologist can use EEG output to see how their sleep patterns are different to normal sleeper
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15
Q

describe procedure when ppt arrived in lab + fell asleep

A
  • told to avoid alcohol/caffeine on
  • each ppt had 2+ electrodes placed near their eyes
  • 2/3 electrodes placed on scalp
  • ppt went to bed in dark quiet room
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16
Q

outline how dream was recorded in study + How did Dement & Kleitman control for experimenter effects?

A
  • ppt woken up to record dreams
  • ppt spoke into recording device near bed
  • asked to state if dreaming OR not
  • when finished experimenter sometimes entered room to question them more BUT no contact between experimenter + participants during dream recall
17
Q

outline aim

A
  • to investigate if dream recall/duration differs between REM + nREM stages of sleep

-

18
Q

describe psych being investigated

A
  • REM sleep is phase of sleep where person is PARALYZED + eyes move
  • nREM sleep are all other stages of sleep + differ in brain activity
  • dreaming is subjective experience of imagery while asleep
  • EEGs measure brain wave activity + used to measure amplitude/frequency of brain waves
19
Q

CONCLUSIONS

A
  • People can judge duration of their time in REM w/ accuracy
  • eye movements during sleep correspond with content of dream
20
Q

describe dream duration estimates for ppt DN whose reponses DID NOT follow same patterns

A
  • Got estimation of 15 mins correct 50% of time
  • He got estimation of 5 mins correct 80% of time
21
Q

Strength of study

A

-quant data collected like brain waves, eye movement patterns, rem durations trough EEG

  • standardized procedure to aid replicability/reliability
    e.g ppt not allowed to drink alc/consume caffeine before study
22
Q

features of sample

A
  • 9 ppt
  • mostly males
  • 5 studied intensivley
  • 4 used to confirm results of main ppts
23
Q

How did Dement & Kleitman check the reliability and validity of their results regarding eye movement patterns related to looking at into the distance or at near objects in a dream?

A

Researchers checked eye movements of a different set of PP when awake to see eye movements when looking into the distance and at near object

24
Q

what eye movement patterns did Dement & Kleitman record?

A

Vertical, horizontal, vertical and Horizontal, little or no eye movement

25
Q

Explain one methodological weakness of this study.

A

The study lacks mundane realism as ppt were woken up by doorbell + asked to recall any dream

26
Q

Outline one of the dreams reported where a participant was driving a
car.

A

Driving a car and staring at the road ahead. At an intersection, a car appeared speeding at them.

27
Q

T or F

Eye movements are more frequent in dreams abt distant objects

A

FALSE

28
Q

Describe 1 result abt dream recall from REM awakenings in 1st vs 2nd half of night

A
  • More dream recalled in 2nd half compared to 1st half for entire sample
29
Q

horizontal dream reported

A

Watching two people throwing tomatoes at each other

30
Q

Describe one result about no dream recall from REM awakenings in the
first half of the night compared to the second half of the night.

A
  • more NO dream recalls in the 1st half compared to the 2nd half for the entire sample

psych AS level (12 decks)

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