Dement and Kleitman 9 (andro) Flashcards
technique used to measure brain activity
- EOG/EEEG
why EOG/EEG used to measure brain activity
- to identify when person was in REM/nREM
- Analyse brain wave patterns of ppt
- measure is objective + reliable
outline 1 dream reported when VERTICAL eye movement recorded
- climbing set of ladders looking up and down as they did
- throwing basketballs at hoop + then looking up at net/down to pick up another ball
Describe procedures aft electrodes fitted
- ppt went to bed in quiet,dark room
- at various times during night, ppt woken up by doorbell
- ppt awoken in REM/nREM OR 5/15 mins aft REM began
- tested on dream recall + estimate length of time in REM
- if recalled dream asked to describe it into tape recorder
one reason why procedure standerdised
- allow study to be more easily replicated
+ tested for reliability e.g 5/15 in REM before awoken means exact replication POSSIBLE - increases internal validity of study SO cause + effect more likely to be seen e.g knowing it was if REM caused dreams to reported
what does EEG measure
- brain waves
- brain activity
- voltage
1 conclusion abt relationship between eye movements
+ dreaming
- eye movements correspond to dream content SO eye movements not random + related to dream imagery
Quant result from dream duration estimates
- ppt more accurate at estimating 5 mins (88%) compared to 15 mins (78%)
- number of dreams recalled
Qual result from dream content reports
- 1 ppt reported dream of climbing up ladder + looking up and down as he climbed
- number of words used to describe dreams
DREAM RECALL in REM vs ESTIMATIONS of dream duration in REM
DREAM RECALL
- more dream recall in REM compared to NO recall in nREM
- 152 instances of dream recall in REM vs 11 in nREM across ppt
DREAM DURATION
- ppt more accurate at estimating 5 mins compared to 15 mins on
conclusion abt eye movement during REM
- eye movements during REM tend to fit w/ what dreamer is looking at suggesting eye movements are NOT random at all
describe revised procedure used to measure ppt estimates of REM duration
- ppt awoken at ethier 5/15 mins aft onset of REM
- asked to choose if they had been dreaming for 5/15 mins
- checked estimate against real time
name 2 things ppt asked to do OR NOT TO DO prior to study/situational v’s?
- arrive a little before normal bedtime
- avoid alcohol
- avoid caffeinated drinks
suggest real life application of study
- EEG can detect REM/nREM sleep so could be useful for ppl w/ sleep disorders
- psychologist can use EEG output to see how their sleep patterns are different to normal sleeper
describe procedure when ppt arrived in lab + fell asleep
- told to avoid alcohol/caffeine on
- each ppt had 2+ electrodes placed near their eyes
- 2/3 electrodes placed on scalp
- ppt went to bed in dark quiet room
outline how dream was recorded in study + How did Dement & Kleitman control for experimenter effects?
- ppt woken up to record dreams
- ppt spoke into recording device near bed
- asked to state if dreaming OR not
- when finished experimenter sometimes entered room to question them more BUT no contact between experimenter + participants during dream recall
outline aim
- to investigate if dream recall/duration differs between REM + nREM stages of sleep
-
describe psych being investigated
- REM sleep is phase of sleep where person is PARALYZED + eyes move
- nREM sleep are all other stages of sleep + differ in brain activity
- dreaming is subjective experience of imagery while asleep
- EEGs measure brain wave activity + used to measure amplitude/frequency of brain waves
CONCLUSIONS
- People can judge duration of their time in REM w/ accuracy
- eye movements during sleep correspond with content of dream
describe dream duration estimates for ppt DN whose reponses DID NOT follow same patterns
- Got estimation of 15 mins correct 50% of time
- He got estimation of 5 mins correct 80% of time
Strength of study
-quant data collected like brain waves, eye movement patterns, rem durations trough EEG
- standardized procedure to aid replicability/reliability
e.g ppt not allowed to drink alc/consume caffeine before study
features of sample
- 9 ppt
- mostly males
- 5 studied intensivley
- 4 used to confirm results of main ppts
How did Dement & Kleitman check the reliability and validity of their results regarding eye movement patterns related to looking at into the distance or at near objects in a dream?
Researchers checked eye movements of a different set of PP when awake to see eye movements when looking into the distance and at near object
what eye movement patterns did Dement & Kleitman record?
Vertical, horizontal, vertical and Horizontal, little or no eye movement
Explain one methodological weakness of this study.
The study lacks mundane realism as ppt were woken up by doorbell + asked to recall any dream
Outline one of the dreams reported where a participant was driving a
car.
Driving a car and staring at the road ahead. At an intersection, a car appeared speeding at them.
T or F
Eye movements are more frequent in dreams abt distant objects
FALSE
Describe 1 result abt dream recall from REM awakenings in 1st vs 2nd half of night
- More dream recalled in 2nd half compared to 1st half for entire sample
horizontal dream reported
Watching two people throwing tomatoes at each other
Describe one result about no dream recall from REM awakenings in the
first half of the night compared to the second half of the night.
- more NO dream recalls in the 1st half compared to the 2nd half for the entire sample
