Y2) TERM 4- POPULATION AND THE ENVIRONMENT Flashcards
what does DTM stand for?
Demographic transition model
What are the different types of migration?
Forced/ voluntary
Scale-based (local/ regional/ national/ international)
Time-based ( temporary/ permanent)
Legal/ illegal
Economic
Why do people migrate?
Push factors (negative reasons to make a person want to leave a place) – S-E-E-P…
Pull factors (positive reasons to attract a person toward a place) – S-E-E-P…
What obstacles might people face when seeking to migrate?
Financial cost
Distance, physical barriers
Family/ religious/ cultural ties/ emotional barriers
Government decisions (quotas on numbers/ visas/ etc.)
Language
What are the implications of migration on the home nation?
D-SHEEP!!
Demographic, Social, Health, Economic, Environmental, Political
Can be positive or negative
What are the implications of migration on the host nation?
D-SHEEP!!
Demographic, Social, Health, Economic, Environmental, Political
Can be positive or negative
What are the different views on population growth?
Malthus/ Boserup / Neo-Malthusianism/ Simon
What is an ecological footprint?
a way of measuring the resource use of individuals, measured in is gha/ capita (global hectares per person).
What is “overshoot day”?
The date when humanity’s demand for ecological resources and services in a given year exceeds what Earth can regenerate in that year
What is carrying capacity?
The maximum number of people the environment can sustainably support
What is optimum population?
The “ideal” number of people in an area making best economic use of the resources available, resulting in the highest possible standard of living
Malthus
economist, pessimist, ~1800, pop growth will exceed resources, leading to famine, conflict, disease, although famines have occurred, this has never been seen on a global scale
Boserup
economist, optimist, 1965, “necessity is the mother of invention”, ,, agricultural revolution and intensification will “save the day”, as seen in GM foods, improved agro-chemicals, etc.
Julien Simon
optimist, 20th Century, pop growth is a positive for humanity – the ultimate resource is the human mind – more people = more brain power = more solutions = better quality of life
Neo-Malthusianism
20th century, the Club of Rome (think tank) continues Malthus’s ideas, population growth must be “contained” with policies to ensure “our survival” – it’s all about how resources are distributed, rather than the actual amount of resources (we can see huge differences – think food…USA vs Sudan…)
Why is global resource consumption increasing?
Global resource consumption is increasing due to increasing global wealth, increasing globalisation and westernisation, increasing industrialisation
How might future resource issues be avoided?
Future resource issues may be avoided by education, legislation and sustainable development:
- Education – through the media, and schools – reduce, repair, reuse, recycle/ transport choices/ lifestyle choices, etc.
- Legislation – such as Paris 2015, COP26, Clean Air Zones, numerous pollution laws (Environmental Protection Act 1995, etc)
- Sustainable development – meeting the needs of the present without compromising the needs of the future – which MUST be social, economic AND environmental
How does ozone depletion happen, and why does it matter?
Ozone depletion happens due to CFCs, HCFCs destroying the ozone layer (in the stratosphere), which allows harmful UV radiation through, which can cause skin cancer and cataracts (and the associated mental health/ psychological impacts too)
How does climate change have a negative impact on health?
Climate change causes many negative impacts on health (thermal stress, drought and famine, crop failure and malnutrition, increased disease vectors, like mosquitos and malaria, salinisation of soils = crop failure, extreme weather = crop failure/ disease, saltwater incursion = crop failure, food price increases = malnutrition…)
Why will population distribution vary over the next 50 years?
Population distribution will vary over the next 50 years as each location has varying BR, DR, LE, different rates of industrialisation and development, different rates of conflict/ resolution, etc.
Why will the world’s population keep increasing?
The world’s population keeps increasing due to increasing life expectancy, and fertility rates continuing to rise in most places (although it is decreasing in some (HICs))
How might consumption per capita change in the future
Consumption per capita is likely to increase globally in the future, due to globalisation, westernisation, industrialisation, improvements in standards of living, etc.
What are the general challenges of living in polar/ arid climate?
The general challenges of living in polar/ arid climate:
- Polar: Food security, migration of species (food security), instability of land/ subsidence – amenities , infrastructure and construction issues, hypothermia
- Arid: Food security (aridity, overcultivation, overgrazing, salinisation of soil), water security, dehydration
How might the challenges of polar climates be overcome?
Concrete “rafts” (reduce subsidence), technological advances (insulation, renewable/ remote energy, transport) – makes migration/ food access easier
How might the challenges of arid climates be overcome?
Irrigation, afforestation, appropriate grazing, education, reduction in climate change (COP27, etc)
What might cause waterlogging?
Waterlogging: excess rain, clay soil type, hard pans, over-irrigation
How might soil quality be maintained/ improved?
Soil quality maintenance/ improvements: crop rotation, mulching, terracing, contour ploughing, wind breaks, avoid over-watering, avoid soil compaction by livestock/ machinery, try to maintain decent soil structures (loam soil are best)
What is soil made from?
Soil is made from: Air (pore spaces) // Water // Minerals // Organic matter // biota // time
What is a soil horizon?
A soil horizon is a name for a layer within the soil
How does push-pull work?
Maize – Kenya
Desmodium and Napier are intercropped (planted alongside) maize crops
You need to sacrifice ~20% of the space, but then you guarantee the remaining 80% will grow (whereas, if you don’t plant
Desmodium/ Napier, your yield will be often less than 50%)
Desmodium – disgusting smell/ smells like death – repels the stem borer moth
Desmodium – destroys striga weeds too (which would otherwise choke the maize crops)
Napier – smells nice, and attracts the stem borer moth, but kills its larvae, killing off the population
Semio-chemicals and pheromones are the chemicals which repel and attract the moths
What is a charcoal cooler – what is the point?
A low-tech cooler, using readily available, low cost materials to keep food cool, increasing its “shelf life” and reducing food waste, thus improving food security
Example – Kenya –green beans and pineapples
What is aeroponics?
A hi-tech approach to agriculture
Greenhouses, climate controlled, plants grown in rockwool, soaked in a solution of perfectly balanced nutrients/ minerals, etc. to maximise productivity
Expense, but really productive, can have a big carbon footprint
Example: Netherlands – 24000 acres of greenhouses!
What is health?
Health is a measure of physical, mental and social wellbeing, and the absence of disease
What’s the difference between morbidity and mortality?
Morbidity (the rate of disease) differs from place to place for numerous reasons //
Mortality (death) also varies from place to place, due to the reasons as seen below:
Type of disease
(communicable/ non-communicable)
Access to sanitation, medication, clean water
Access to food (food security)
Education
Affluence
Population structure (age/ gender)
Lifestyle choices
War, civil unrest,
changes in the environment all affect morbidity and mortality
What’s the difference between communicable and non-communicable disease?
Communicable disease – passes from person to person (flu),
non-communicable – does not pass from person to person (CHD)
What does the ETM show happens over time?
The ETM (Epidemiological Transition Model) shows how disease type/ prevalence changes over time // The ETM shows that disease changes from communicable to non-communicable with the development of infrastructure/ the passing of time/ development
What are the physical and socio-economic causes of malaria?
The physical causes of malaria: mosquitoes in warm climates, around the rainy season reproduce at maximum rates = more bites = more malaria. Stagnant/ still water is ideal for mosquitoes to breed.
What are the impacts of malaria? (on health and wellbeing)
The socio-economic causes of malaria: poor education re mosquito nets, poor income re treatment, poor housing = open to the air (mosquitoes can “get in”)
How might malaria be managed?
The impacts of malaria (on health and wellbeing): feels like extreme flu, organ failure, respiratory problems, coma, death… knock on impacts: can’t work > drop in income > can’t access healthcare > health deteriorates // can’t access education > continue to have limited options
How might climate affect health?
Climate can affect health adversely (flood = disease / high temperatures = disease / flooding = injury and disease / SAD / sunburn / etc.)
How might topography affect health?
Topography can affect health – flat land = flooding or standing/ stagnant water / altitude = exposure to sunlight…
How might air quality affect health?
Air quality may affect health via respiratory issues (pollen/ Smog/ PM2.5/ smoke from fires, etc.)
How might water quality affect health?
Water quality may affect health via water-borne diseases such as cholera, Hepatitis A, dysentery, some cancers, etc.
How might inequality affect health?
Inequality might affect health by restricting access to healthcare (medication can be expensive), living in harsh environments (homelessness), low income = fewer choices regarding dietary variety, turn to substance abuse…
What is the role of the WHO?
The WHO = main aim = improve global health by advising governments, limiting outbreaks, promoting research, monitoring morbidity and mortality, running vaccination programmes
What is the role of NGOs in combatting disease?
The role of NGOs in combatting disease = provide healthcare to LICs, education, e.g. Cancer research, Médecins sans Frontières
What is “prevalence” in the context of disease?
Prevalence - the total number of cases in a population at a particular time (e.g., Covid cases are at ~500 cases per 100000 people)
What is “incidence” in the context of disease?
Incidence – the number of new cases (e.g. there was an outbreak of Covid today of 1100 new cases in UK)
Why does India face particularly challenging times managing disease?
Stage 3 of the ETM – fighting communicable and non-communicable disease at the same time, whilst being a LIC/ NEE
List some international agencies/ NGOs relating to health
International agencies/ NGOs: MSF, Oxfam, WHO, Cancer Research, Red Cross, UNAIDS, UNICEF,
