Population And Environment Definitions Flashcards
Aeroponics
Growing plants in air or mist (no soil)
Age sex pyramid
A visual graph that represents gender and age structure within a population
Ageing population
an increasing median age in a population because of declining fertility rates and rising life expectancy
Agrochemicals
A chemical product used in industrial agriculture such as pesticides, insecticides and herbicides
AIDS
Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, immune system weakened by HIV
Anthropologist
The study of what makes us human, through examination of past and current civilisations
Anthropocene
Unit of geological time
The recent time which human impacts effected the planet
Asylum seeker
a person who has left their home country as a political refugee and is seeking asylum in another.
“only asylum seekers who are granted refugee status are allowed to work in the country”
Baby boom
Sudden rise in birth rate
Birth rate
How many people are born each year
Blue zones
geographic regions that are home to some of the world’s oldest people
BMI
body mass index (BMI), an estimate of total body fat.
Carrying capacity
the number of people a place such as a town, city, country, or the world can support
CHD
In coronary heart disease, the blood vessels to the heart are narrowed, putting the heart under stress
Chronic
Chronic refers to something that continues over an extended period of time
Death rate
How many people die
Demographic dividend
Demographic dividend occurs when the proportion of working people in the total population is high because this indicates that more people have the potential to be productive and contribute to growth of the economy.
Demography
The range in difference between people
Dependency ratio
how many people in a county are not of working age compared with those of working age
Disease of affluence
Disease’s from eating to much food or smoking , these diseases are only attainable if you have enough money to get them (affluence)
E.g. lung cancer
DTM
Demographic transition model
It demonstrates how the population (demographic) of countries fluctuate over time (transition), as birth rates, death rates, and natural increase change.
Ebola
This virus is called Ebola, (or Ebola haemorrhagic fever)
50% to 90% of people who contract it do not survive.
Spread by close contact with infected
Ecological footprint
a measure of the impact each of us has on the environment
Economic migration
A person who leaves their country of origin purely for economic reasons
Economically active
Age groups from 16 – 64 are known as the economically active as they tend to be working and paying taxes
Economically inactive
people not in employment
El Niño
warming of the ocean surface, or above-average sea surface temperatures, in the central and eastern tropical Pacific Ocean.
Emancipation
freeing someone from the control of another
Emigration
the act of leaving a resident country or place of residence with the intent to settle elsewhere
Endemic
belonging or native to a particular people or country
Epidemic
an outbreak of disease that spreads quickly and affects many individuals in a particular region, community, or population.
Epidemiological transition
ETM- describes changing patterns of population distributions in relation to changing patterns of mortality, fertility, life expectancy, and leading causes of death.
Ester boserup
theory of agricultural intensification, also known as Boserup’s theory, which posits that population change drives the intensity of agricultural production
exponential growth
further growth on the initial growth (rapid)
FAO
Food and Agricultural Organisation
An IGO which aims to improve global health by reducing hunger
Farming - Arable
large-scale cultivation of crops on tracts of agricultural land, first appeared around 11 000 years ago.
At the end of the Palaeolithic period, nomad populations moved on from gathering food to farming.
Farming - Commercial
production of crops and livestock for sale
Farming - extensive
Use large amount of land for small gain. Farming chickens on large areas of land (not cages).
More environmentally friendly than intensive farming.
Farming - intensive
A way of growing more food on less land by using chemicals, machines, and labour.
Less environmentally friendly than extensive farming.
Farming - mixed
Mixed farming is a type of farming which involves both the growing of crops and the raising of livestock.
Farming - pastoral
livestock farming, is the practice of raising animals for food, milk, or other products.
Farming - subsistence
a plot of land produces only enough food to feed the family or small community working it.
fertility
the quality of being fertile; productiveness:
the ability to conceive children or young
fertility rate
Fertility rate is a measure of the rate of reproduction in a population. It is the average number of children born to women during their reproductive years.
fodder
Food, especially dried hay or straw, for cattle and other livestock.
food access
how much food is accessible
food availability
how much food is available for consumption
food security
guaranteed food for everyone
food utilisation
not wasting food
its nutritional value
GM food
genetically modified food
grazing
livestock eating grass
green revolution
The Green Revolution, or the Third Agricultural Revolution, was a period of technology transfer initiatives that saw greatly increased crop yields.
health
The state of being free from illness or injury
A person’s mental or physical condition
HIV
sexually transmitted disease (cannot be cured)
humus
a delicious dip for carrot sticks
(or dead biomass/ organic matter decaying creating nutrients)
hydroponics
The process of growing plants in sand, gravel, or liquid, with added nutrients but without soil.
HYV
High yield varieties (HYV) of plants
impermeable
water cannot enter
immigration
the movement of people Into a country
indigenous
People or animals native to an area/ environment
infant mortality
the amount of child deaths (under one year of age)
irrigation
The practice of applying controlled amounts of water to land to help grow crops, landscape plants, and lawns
labour
physical work
latosol
Latosols, also known as tropical red earth, are soils found under tropical rainforests which have a relatively high content of iron and aluminium oxides.
leaching
In agriculture, leaching is the loss of water-soluble plant nutrients from the soil, due to rain and irrigation.
life expectancy
How long a person is expected to live for
livestock
Farm animals
longevity
The definition of longevity is living a longer and healthier life.
lowland
An area where the land is at, near, or below the level of the sea and where there are not usually mountains or large hills
malaria
A water borne disease spread by a parasite-carrying mosquito.
malnutrition
A state of poor nutrition.
MDG
Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) were set by the UN at the turn of the century to set targets to combat poverty.
migration
the movement of humans from one place to another
Migration - forced
the movement of people who have NO choice
Migration - permanent
the indefinite movement of people
Migration - temporary
The short term/ temporary movement of people (war)
Migration - voluntary
the movement of people by their own choice
Migration - step
Requiring multiple stages of migration due to a failure of the migrant to integrate into the country such as failure to find work or cultural disconnect, which then prompts another migration.
monsoon
A seasonal change in the direction of the prevailing, or strongest, winds of a region. Monsoons cause wet and dry seasons throughout much of the tropics.
morbidity
The occurrence of diseases within a population over time
mortality
the frequency of death in a given population
natural population change
the difference between the number of live births and deaths during a given time period (usually one year).
NGO
Non-governmental Organization
non communicable disease
not transferred between people
north south divide
a term used to describe the social, economic and cultural disparities between the London and the south-east of England and the rest of the UK.
ONS
Office for National Statistics
The framework of territorial units, boundaries and maps that provide the structure for collecting, processing, storing and aggregating data.
optimum population
The maximum sustainable size of a resident population in a given ecosystem
over nourished
A form of malnutrition (imbalanced nutrition) arising from excessive intake of nutrients, leading to accumulation of body fat that impairs health
overpopulation
when there are too many people to be supported to a good standard of living by the resources of a region or country.
ozone
Ozone is a gas that protects the earth from the Sun’s shortwave ultraviolet radiation
pandemic
A pandemic is the worldwide spread of a new disease.
per capita
per person
a term used in economic and statistical analysis
permeable
water can enter
podsol
podzols are the typical soils of coniferous or boreal forests and also the typical soils of eucalypt forests and heathlands in southern Australia.
podsolisation
A complex soil formation process by which dissolved organic matter and ions of iron and aluminium, released through weathering of various minerals, form organo-mineral complexes (chelates) and are moved from the upper parts of the soil profile and deposit in the deeper parts of soil.
population density
The amount of people living in an area of land per km²
population distribution
the pattern of where people live.
population explosion
A crisis in which population growth occurs in countries ill- prepared to handle the growing numbers of people.
population policy
A number of countries have introduced population policies as a way of attempting to control their population.
population pyramid
A series of horizontal bars that illustrate the structure of a population. The horizontal bars represent different age categories, which are placed on either side of a central vertical axis. Males are to the left of the axis, females to the right.
population structure
The way a population of an area can be broken down into groups.
pull factor
the things that attract people
push factor
things which force a person to move
refugee
The forced movement of an individual due to persecution, war or political unrest.
relief
the shape of the land
repatriation
the act of returning to your own country.
replacement rate
the number of children that a couple would have to have over the course of their reproductive years in order to replace themselves.
sanitation
Measures designed to protect public health, especially the provision of clean water and the disposal of sewage and waste.
SDG
Sustainable Development Goals
A collection of 17 global goals aimed at improving the planet and the quality of human life around the world by the year 2030
sedentary
Living in groups permanently in one place. The invention of agriculture led to sedentism in many cases
silage
Silage is pasture grass that has been ‘pickled’. It is a method used to preserve the pasture for cows and sheep to eat later when natural pasture isn’t good, like in the dry season.
smog
Air pollution that reduces visibility.
soil
Soil is the loose surface material that covers most land.
Soil - azonal
lack well-developed horizons because of immaturity or other factors that have prevented their development
Soil - deterioration
the decline in quantity and quality of soil.
Soil - salinisation
the accumulation of water-soluble salts in soil.
Soil - waterlogging
When pores between soil particles fill with stagnant water.
Soil - zonal
A soil which has experienced the maximum effect of climate and vegetation upon parent rock, assuming there are no extremes of weathering, relief or drainage.
soil erosion
a specific soil issue regarding the wearing away of soil, especially and most importantly the topsoil
soil horizon
a layer parallel to the soil surface whose physical, chemical and biological characteristics differ from the layers above and beneath
Soil management - contour ploughing
a well-established agronomic measure that contributes to soil and water conservation. The soil is ploughed along the contour instead of up- and downward
Soil management - controlled grazing
Rotational grazing is where fields are subdivided and then grazed and rested alternately.
Soil management - drill farming
Direct drilling practices often involve the use of specialized equipment that exerts less pressure on the soil compared to traditional ploughing and cultivation equipment.
Soil management - selective afforestation
choosing certain areas to replant trees
Soil management - shelter belts
A shelter belt of trees and shrubs can trap water, stopping soil and sediment from washing off fields.
Soil management - strip cropping
Creates spatial diversity within fields, which helps support biodiversity and beneficial insects and related ecosystem services such as biocontrol of pests and diseases
Soil management - rhynes
Rhynes are used to divert water flow
A dense network of ditches (also known locally as rhynes)
Soil management - terracing
a soil conservation practice applied to prevent rainfall runoff on sloping land from accumulating and causing serious erosion. Terraces consist of ridges and channels constructed across-the-slope.
soil structure
the different levels are called horizons:
*plants here
organic(O)
surface (A)
subsoil(B)
substratum(C)
bedrock(R)
sol - intrazonal
a soil that has a well-developed profile determined by relief, parent material, age, etc.
taiga
a forest of the cold, subarctic region
thermal stress
heat exhaustion and hyperthermia
As global temperatures rise, so does the prevalence and risk of intense heat waves.
Thomas Malthus
he theorized that the population was growing geometrically, while food production only grew arithmetically
The Malthusian theory looks at the relationship between population growth and resources (specifically food supply). It states that there is an optimum population size that the world’s food supply can support.
tundra
the coldest of all the biomes
undernourished
having insufficient food or other substances for good health and condition
underpopulation
A situation in which there are too few people to realize the economic potential of an area or support its population’s standard of living.
upland
high above sea level.
vector-borne diseases
Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding anthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas.
water table
describes the boundary between water-saturated ground and unsaturated ground
WFP
World Food Programme
WFP’s Food Assistance for Assets programme involves people working on community projects such as restoring unproductive land, in return for cash or food.
