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AQA A-Level Geography 2022-2024 > Population And Environment Definitions > Flashcards

Population And Environment Definitions Flashcards

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1
Q

Aeroponics

A

Growing plants in air or mist (no soil)

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2
Q

Age sex pyramid

A

A visual graph that represents gender and age structure within a population

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3
Q

Ageing population

A

an increasing median age in a population because of declining fertility rates and rising life expectancy

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4
Q

Agrochemicals

A

A chemical product used in industrial agriculture such as pesticides, insecticides and herbicides

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5
Q

AIDS

A

Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, immune system weakened by HIV

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6
Q

Anthropologist

A

The study of what makes us human, through examination of past and current civilisations

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7
Q

Anthropocene

A

Unit of geological time

The recent time which human impacts effected the planet

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8
Q

Asylum seeker

A

a person who has left their home country as a political refugee and is seeking asylum in another.

“only asylum seekers who are granted refugee status are allowed to work in the country”

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9
Q

Baby boom

A

Sudden rise in birth rate

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10
Q

Birth rate

A

How many people are born each year

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11
Q

Blue zones

A

geographic regions that are home to some of the world’s oldest people

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12
Q

BMI

A

body mass index (BMI), an estimate of total body fat.

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13
Q

Carrying capacity

A

the number of people a place such as a town, city, country, or the world can support

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14
Q

CHD

A

In coronary heart disease, the blood vessels to the heart are narrowed, putting the heart under stress

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15
Q

Chronic

A

Chronic refers to something that continues over an extended period of time

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16
Q

Death rate

A

How many people die

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17
Q

Demographic dividend

A

Demographic dividend occurs when the proportion of working people in the total population is high because this indicates that more people have the potential to be productive and contribute to growth of the economy.

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18
Q

Demography

A

The range in difference between people

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19
Q

Dependency ratio

A

how many people in a county are not of working age compared with those of working age

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20
Q

Disease of affluence

A

Disease’s from eating to much food or smoking , these diseases are only attainable if you have enough money to get them (affluence)

E.g. lung cancer

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21
Q

DTM

A

Demographic transition model

It demonstrates how the population (demographic) of countries fluctuate over time (transition), as birth rates, death rates, and natural increase change.

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22
Q

Ebola

A

This virus is called Ebola, (or Ebola haemorrhagic fever)

50% to 90% of people who contract it do not survive.

Spread by close contact with infected

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23
Q

Ecological footprint

A

a measure of the impact each of us has on the environment

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24
Q

Economic migration

A

A person who leaves their country of origin purely for economic reasons

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25
Q

Economically active

A

Age groups from 16 – 64 are known as the economically active as they tend to be working and paying taxes

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26
Q

Economically inactive

A

people not in employment

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27
Q

El Niño

A

warming of the ocean surface, or above-average sea surface temperatures, in the central and eastern tropical Pacific Ocean.

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28
Q

Emancipation

A

freeing someone from the control of another

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29
Q

Emigration

A

the act of leaving a resident country or place of residence with the intent to settle elsewhere

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30
Q

Endemic

A

belonging or native to a particular people or country

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31
Q

Epidemic

A

an outbreak of disease that spreads quickly and affects many individuals in a particular region, community, or population.

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32
Q

Epidemiological transition

A

ETM- describes changing patterns of population distributions in relation to changing patterns of mortality, fertility, life expectancy, and leading causes of death.

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33
Q

Ester boserup

A

theory of agricultural intensification, also known as Boserup’s theory, which posits that population change drives the intensity of agricultural production

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34
Q

exponential growth

A

further growth on the initial growth (rapid)

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35
Q

FAO

A

Food and Agricultural Organisation

An IGO which aims to improve global health by reducing hunger

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36
Q

Farming - Arable

A

large-scale cultivation of crops on tracts of agricultural land, first appeared around 11 000 years ago.

At the end of the Palaeolithic period, nomad populations moved on from gathering food to farming.

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37
Q

Farming - Commercial

A

production of crops and livestock for sale

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38
Q

Farming - extensive

A

Use large amount of land for small gain. Farming chickens on large areas of land (not cages).

More environmentally friendly than intensive farming.

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39
Q

Farming - intensive

A

A way of growing more food on less land by using chemicals, machines, and labour.

Less environmentally friendly than extensive farming.

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40
Q

Farming - mixed

A

Mixed farming is a type of farming which involves both the growing of crops and the raising of livestock.

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41
Q

Farming - pastoral

A

livestock farming, is the practice of raising animals for food, milk, or other products.

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42
Q

Farming - subsistence

A

a plot of land produces only enough food to feed the family or small community working it.

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43
Q

fertility

A

the quality of being fertile; productiveness:

the ability to conceive children or young

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44
Q

fertility rate

A

Fertility rate is a measure of the rate of reproduction in a population. It is the average number of children born to women during their reproductive years.

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45
Q

fodder

A

Food, especially dried hay or straw, for cattle and other livestock.

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46
Q

food access

A

how much food is accessible

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47
Q

food availability

A

how much food is available for consumption

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48
Q

food security

A

guaranteed food for everyone

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49
Q

food utilisation

A

not wasting food

its nutritional value

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50
Q

GM food

A

genetically modified food

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51
Q

grazing

A

livestock eating grass

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52
Q

green revolution

A

The Green Revolution, or the Third Agricultural Revolution, was a period of technology transfer initiatives that saw greatly increased crop yields.

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53
Q

health

A

The state of being free from illness or injury

A person’s mental or physical condition

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54
Q

HIV

A

sexually transmitted disease (cannot be cured)

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55
Q

humus

A

a delicious dip for carrot sticks

(or dead biomass/ organic matter decaying creating nutrients)

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56
Q

hydroponics

A

The process of growing plants in sand, gravel, or liquid, with added nutrients but without soil.

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57
Q

HYV

A

High yield varieties (HYV) of plants

58
Q

impermeable

A

water cannot enter

59
Q

immigration

A

the movement of people Into a country

60
Q

indigenous

A

People or animals native to an area/ environment

61
Q

infant mortality

A

the amount of child deaths (under one year of age)

62
Q

irrigation

A

The practice of applying controlled amounts of water to land to help grow crops, landscape plants, and lawns

63
Q

labour

A

physical work

64
Q

latosol

A

Latosols, also known as tropical red earth, are soils found under tropical rainforests which have a relatively high content of iron and aluminium oxides.

65
Q

leaching

A

In agriculture, leaching is the loss of water-soluble plant nutrients from the soil, due to rain and irrigation.

66
Q

life expectancy

A

How long a person is expected to live for

67
Q

livestock

A

Farm animals

68
Q

longevity

A

The definition of longevity is living a longer and healthier life.

69
Q

lowland

A

An area where the land is at, near, or below the level of the sea and where there are not usually mountains or large hills

70
Q

malaria

A

A water borne disease spread by a parasite-carrying mosquito.

71
Q

malnutrition

A

A state of poor nutrition.

72
Q

MDG

A

Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) were set by the UN at the turn of the century to set targets to combat poverty.

73
Q

migration

A

the movement of humans from one place to another

74
Q

Migration - forced

A

the movement of people who have NO choice

75
Q

Migration - permanent

A

the indefinite movement of people

76
Q

Migration - temporary

A

The short term/ temporary movement of people (war)

77
Q

Migration - voluntary

A

the movement of people by their own choice

78
Q

Migration - step

A

Requiring multiple stages of migration due to a failure of the migrant to integrate into the country such as failure to find work or cultural disconnect, which then prompts another migration.

79
Q

monsoon

A

A seasonal change in the direction of the prevailing, or strongest, winds of a region. Monsoons cause wet and dry seasons throughout much of the tropics.

80
Q

morbidity

A

The occurrence of diseases within a population over time

81
Q

mortality

A

the frequency of death in a given population

82
Q

natural population change

A

the difference between the number of live births and deaths during a given time period (usually one year).

83
Q

NGO

A

Non-governmental Organization

84
Q

non communicable disease

A

not transferred between people

85
Q

north south divide

A

a term used to describe the social, economic and cultural disparities between the London and the south-east of England and the rest of the UK.

86
Q

ONS

A

Office for National Statistics

The framework of territorial units, boundaries and maps that provide the structure for collecting, processing, storing and aggregating data.

87
Q

optimum population

A

The maximum sustainable size of a resident population in a given ecosystem

88
Q

over nourished

A

A form of malnutrition (imbalanced nutrition) arising from excessive intake of nutrients, leading to accumulation of body fat that impairs health

89
Q

overpopulation

A

when there are too many people to be supported to a good standard of living by the resources of a region or country.

90
Q

ozone

A

Ozone is a gas that protects the earth from the Sun’s shortwave ultraviolet radiation

91
Q

pandemic

A

A pandemic is the worldwide spread of a new disease.

92
Q

per capita

A

per person

a term used in economic and statistical analysis

93
Q

permeable

A

water can enter

94
Q

podsol

A

podzols are the typical soils of coniferous or boreal forests and also the typical soils of eucalypt forests and heathlands in southern Australia.

95
Q

podsolisation

A

A complex soil formation process by which dissolved organic matter and ions of iron and aluminium, released through weathering of various minerals, form organo-mineral complexes (chelates) and are moved from the upper parts of the soil profile and deposit in the deeper parts of soil.

96
Q

population density

A

The amount of people living in an area of land per km²

97
Q

population distribution

A

the pattern of where people live.

98
Q

population explosion

A

A crisis in which population growth occurs in countries ill- prepared to handle the growing numbers of people.

99
Q

population policy

A

A number of countries have introduced population policies as a way of attempting to control their population.

100
Q

population pyramid

A

A series of horizontal bars that illustrate the structure of a population. The horizontal bars represent different age categories, which are placed on either side of a central vertical axis. Males are to the left of the axis, females to the right.

101
Q

population structure

A

The way a population of an area can be broken down into groups.

102
Q

pull factor

A

the things that attract people

103
Q

push factor

A

things which force a person to move

104
Q

refugee

A

The forced movement of an individual due to persecution, war or political unrest.

105
Q

relief

A

the shape of the land

106
Q

repatriation

A

the act of returning to your own country.

107
Q

replacement rate

A

the number of children that a couple would have to have over the course of their reproductive years in order to replace themselves.

108
Q

sanitation

A

Measures designed to protect public health, especially the provision of clean water and the disposal of sewage and waste.

109
Q

SDG

A

Sustainable Development Goals

A collection of 17 global goals aimed at improving the planet and the quality of human life around the world by the year 2030

110
Q

sedentary

A

Living in groups permanently in one place. The invention of agriculture led to sedentism in many cases

111
Q

silage

A

Silage is pasture grass that has been ‘pickled’. It is a method used to preserve the pasture for cows and sheep to eat later when natural pasture isn’t good, like in the dry season.

112
Q

smog

A

Air pollution that reduces visibility.

113
Q

soil

A

Soil is the loose surface material that covers most land.

114
Q

Soil - azonal

A

lack well-developed horizons because of immaturity or other factors that have prevented their development

115
Q

Soil - deterioration

A

the decline in quantity and quality of soil.

116
Q

Soil - salinisation

A

the accumulation of water-soluble salts in soil.

117
Q

Soil - waterlogging

A

When pores between soil particles fill with stagnant water.

118
Q

Soil - zonal

A

A soil which has experienced the maximum effect of climate and vegetation upon parent rock, assuming there are no extremes of weathering, relief or drainage.

119
Q

soil erosion

A

a specific soil issue regarding the ​wearing away of soil, especially and most importantly the ​topsoil

120
Q

soil horizon

A

a layer parallel to the soil surface whose physical, chemical and biological characteristics differ from the layers above and beneath

121
Q

Soil management - contour ploughing

A

a well-established agronomic measure that contributes to soil and water conservation. The soil is ploughed along the contour instead of up- and downward

122
Q

Soil management - controlled grazing

A

Rotational grazing is where fields are subdivided and then grazed and rested alternately.

123
Q

Soil management - drill farming

A

Direct drilling practices often involve the use of specialized equipment that exerts less pressure on the soil compared to traditional ploughing and cultivation equipment.

124
Q

Soil management - selective afforestation

A

choosing certain areas to replant trees

125
Q

Soil management - shelter belts

A

A shelter belt of trees and shrubs can trap water, stopping soil and sediment from washing off fields.

126
Q

Soil management - strip cropping

A

Creates spatial diversity within fields, which helps support biodiversity and beneficial insects and related ecosystem services such as biocontrol of pests and diseases

127
Q

Soil management - rhynes

A

Rhynes are used to divert water flow

A dense network of ditches (also known locally as rhynes)

128
Q

Soil management - terracing

A

a soil conservation practice applied to prevent rainfall runoff on sloping land from accumulating and causing serious erosion. Terraces consist of ridges and channels constructed across-the-slope.

129
Q

soil structure

A

the different levels are called horizons:

*plants here

organic(O)
surface (A)
subsoil(B)
substratum(C)
bedrock(R)

130
Q

sol - intrazonal

A

a soil that has a well-developed profile determined by relief, parent material, age, etc.

131
Q

taiga

A

a forest of the cold, subarctic region

132
Q

thermal stress

A

​heat exhaustion ​and ​hyperthermia​

As global temperatures rise, so does the prevalence and risk of ​intense heat waves​.

133
Q

Thomas Malthus

A

he theorized that the population was growing geometrically, while food production only grew arithmetically

The Malthusian theory looks at the relationship between population growth and resources (specifically food supply). It states that there is an optimum population size that the world’s food supply can support.

134
Q

tundra

A

the coldest of all the biomes

135
Q

undernourished

A

having insufficient food or other substances for good health and condition

136
Q

underpopulation

A

A situation in which there are too few people to realize the economic potential of an area or support its population’s standard of living.

137
Q

upland

A

high above sea level.

138
Q

vector-borne diseases

A

Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding anthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas.

139
Q

water table

A

describes the boundary between water-saturated ground and unsaturated ground

140
Q

WFP

A

World Food Programme

WFP’s Food Assistance for Assets programme involves people working on community projects such as restoring unproductive land, in return for cash or food.

AQA A-Level Geography 2022-2024 (19 decks)

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