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AQA A-Level Geography 2022-2024 > Global Systems and Global Governance Definitions > Flashcards

Global Systems and Global Governance Definitions Flashcards

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1
Q

Globalisation

A

The process of which businesses or other organisations develop international influence or start to operate on a national scale.

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2
Q

capital flow

A

movement of money for the purpose of investment, trade, or business operations in and out of countries

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3
Q

economic leakage

A

funds that leave an economy or a system instead of staying in it

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4
Q

remittance payments

A

money transferred from one party to another usually across borders

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5
Q

containerisation

A

pack into and transported by container

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6
Q

protectionism

A

theory or practice of shielding a countries domestic industries from foreign competition by taxing imports

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7
Q

tarrifs

A

tax or duty to be paid on a particular class of imports or exports

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8
Q

economies of scale

A

cost advantages reaped by companies when production becomes efficient

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9
Q

labour

A

work, especially physical work

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10
Q

footloose industry

A

an industry that can be placed and located at any location without effect from factory of production such as resources, land , labour and capital

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11
Q

diaspora

A

population that is scattered across regions which are separate from its geographical place of origin

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12
Q

maquiladora

A

A factory in Mexico run by a foreign company and exporting produces to companies country of origin

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13
Q

trading bloc

A

group of countries that have reduced or removed trade barriers for participants

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14
Q

customs union

A

form of trade agreement between 2 or more countries

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15
Q

common market

A

group of countries imposing few or no duties on trade with one another and a common tariff on trade with other countries

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16
Q

commodity

A

raw material or primary agricultural product that can e bought and sold (e.g. copper or coffee)

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16
Q

global shift

A

Movement of manufacturing and industry from western regions to countries that have been recently industrialised (particularly Asia)

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17
Q

just-in-time systems

A

an inventory management method in which goods are received from suppliers only as they are needed.

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18
Q

multilateral trade agreements

A

reducing barriers to trade such as tariffs, subsides and embargoes

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19
Q

bilateral trade agreements

A

agreements between countries to promote trade. eliminates trade barriers (tariffs ect)

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20
Q

emigration

A

leaving ones own country to settle permanently in another - moving abroad ect

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21
Q

immigration

A

action of coming to live permanently in a foreign country

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22
Q

push factor

A

something that makes people want to leave a place or escape from a particular situation

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23
Q

pull factor

A

Preferences or desires that cause people to migrate to another country.

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24
Q

economic migrant

A

person who travels from one country or area in order to improve their standard of living

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25
Q

brain drain

A

the loss of education/ educated people

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26
Q

brain gain

A

the gain of educated people

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27
Q

outsourcing

A

the business practice of hiring a party outside a company to perform services or create goods that were traditionally performed in-house by the company’s own employees and staff

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28
Q

offshoring

A

the practice of outsourcing operations overseas, usually by companies from industrialized countries to less-developed countries, with the intention of reducing the cost of doing business.

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29
Q

home country

A

country where the person was born

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30
Q

host country

A

a country where a person lives when they leave their home country and settles somewhere new

31
Q

fair trade

A

Trade between countries/ companies in developed countries and producers in developing countries in which fair prices are paid to producers

32
Q

sweat shop

A

a factory or workshop, especially in clothing industry where workers are employed at very low wages for long hours under poor conditions

33
Q

HIC

A

high income country

34
Q

LIC

A

low income country

35
Q

NEE

A

newly emerging economy

36
Q

MINT

A

group of countries with potential to realise rapid growth (economic)

Mexico Indonesia Nigeria Turkey

37
Q

BRIC

A

Brazil Russia India China

predicted in 2001 to be 4 largest economies in the world in 21st century

38
Q

NAFTA

A

North American Free Trade Agreement

eliminates most trade/ tariff barriers passing between Mexico USA and Canada

39
Q

OPEC

A

Organisation of Petroleum Exporting Countries

40
Q

OECD

A

Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development

41
Q

FDI

A

Foreign Direct Investment

42
Q

law

A

system of rules which a particular country or community recognises as regulating the actions of its members - enforce punishment

43
Q

norms

A

something usual, typical or standard

44
Q

institutes

A

an organisation founded for a religious, educational, professional or social purpose

45
Q

primary industry

A

such as agriculture/ forestry, obtaining or providing natural raw materials to make commodities/ products for a consumer.

46
Q

secondary industry

A

industry that converts the raw materials provided by primary industry into commodity/ products (manufacturing industry)

47
Q

tertiary industry

A

this is the service sector e.g. retail stores, healthcare providers, hotels ect

48
Q

spatial organisation

A

a way of organising things in relation to their surrounding both internally and externally

49
Q

R&D

A

Research & Development

50
Q

mergers

A

combination of 2 or more companies

51
Q

acquisitions

A

purchase of one company by another

52
Q

subcontractors

A

a firm or person that carries out work for a company as part of a larger project

53
Q

vertical integration

A

buisness strategy of controlling different stages of the supply chain for a good or service

54
Q

horizontal integration

A

acquisition of a business operating at the same level of the value chain in the same industry

55
Q

supply chain

A

the sequence of processes involved in the production and distribution of a commodity

56
Q

multiplier effect

A

proportional amount of increase or decrease in final income that results from an injection or withdrawal of capital

57
Q

global marketing

A

marketing on a worldwide scale

58
Q

SEZ

A

Special Economic Scale

59
Q

cartel

A

association of manufacturers or suppliers with the purpose of maintaining prices at high level and restricting competition

60
Q

SDT agreements

A

special and differential treatment

61
Q

IMF

A

International Monetary fund - promotes global economic growth, etc and reduces poverty

62
Q

world bank

A

international banking organisation established to control distribution of economic aid between member nations - make loans in times of financial crisis.

63
Q

repatriation of profits

A

sending foreign earned profits or financial assets back to the firms home country

64
Q

core regions

A

areas that experience higher levels of economic development, infrastructure and access to resources

65
Q

periphery regions

A

countries less developed that semi-periphery and core countries

66
Q

free trade

A

international trade left to its natural course without tariffs, quotas or other restrictions.

67
Q

neoliberalism

A

political approach that favours free- market capitalism, deregulation or reduction to government spending

68
Q

quotas

A

fixed share in something that a person or group is entitled to receive

69
Q

trade liberalisation

A

removal or deductions on barriers on the free exchange of goods between nations

70
Q

laissez faire capitalism

A

transactions between private groups of people are free from any form of economic interventionism

71
Q

deregulation

A

removal of regulations or restrictions, especially in particular industry

72
Q

WTO

A

World Trade Organisation

73
Q

cybersecurity

A

state of being protected against the criminal or unauthorised use of electronic data or measures taken to achieve this

74
Q

united nations development programme

A

helps countries to develop policy’s, leadership, partnering abilities, institutional capabilities and to build resilience to achieve sustainable development goals

75
Q

millennium development goals

A

8 goals the UN member states have agreed to achieve by 2015, signed in 2000

76
Q

global commons

A

Global resource domains. Not owned by anyone. Antarctica, space, atmosphere, high seas and cyberspace

AQA A-Level Geography 2022-2024 (19 decks)

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