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AQA A-Level Geography 2022-2024 > Y1) TERM 1- CHANGING PLACES (A) > Flashcards

Y1) TERM 1- CHANGING PLACES (A) Flashcards

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1
Q

What is an exogenous factor?

A

These are factors that originate beyond a place (externally).

Examples of these would be:
- features associated with economic globalisation- places of employment, clothing shops
- features associated with social globalisation- social media, fast food outlets and cultural influences
- evidence of multi-ethnicity or multi-culturalism caused by inward migration

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2
Q

What are 4 exogenous flows?

A
  • People
  • Capital (money/investment)
  • Resources
  • Ideas
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3
Q

What is an endogenous factor?

A

These are factors that originate from within a place (internally).

Examples of these would be:
- natural characteristics- geology or altitude etc.
- socio-economic characteristics- income levels, levels of education and types of employment
- cultural factors- religious groups and local traditions
- political factors- types or local or national government and local groups
- the built environment- the age and style of the buildings or the type of housing and building density
- demographic characteristics- number of inhabitants, ages, gender and ethnicity

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4
Q

What are the 3 characteristics of place?

A

Historical happenings, social, economic and physical characteristics and sense of place

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5
Q

What does place mean?

A

A place is more than just a location; there are personal feelings associated with living in a place.

Place has 2 different meanings.

Its objective meaning is where it is on a map or GPS.

Its subjective ‘meaning’ is given by the people who live there. This is also called sense of place.

Location + Meaning = Place

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6
Q

What does a lived experience mean?

A

A place creates an important basis of life and associated activities

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7
Q

What are insider perspectives?

A

These develop through everyday experiences in familiar settings. This could be daily rhythms (school run) or shared experiences (socialising at the village pub). These are based on experiences acquired over time and are intimate and personal experiences.

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8
Q

What are outsider perspectives?

A

These are often about looking and learning. Its a personal view of entering a location or landscape and discovering that place- as a visitor or tourist. They see things afresh and ask questions that inhabitants of that place wouldn’t think of because the answers are so familiar. These perspectives are usually neutral or abstract views of a place.

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9
Q

What is locale?

A

A place where something happens or is set or has particular events associated with it

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10
Q

Categories of place (COP)

A

There are lots of different categories of place and any location can satisfy one or more of these categories of place. This is because they all depend on individual viewpoints and situations.

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11
Q

What are far places? (COP)

A

Far places are beyond lived immediate experiences and are seen through the media, magazines, books or computer contact (business and leisure). These are places people visit as tourists, on work-related visits or as migrants.

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12
Q

What are near places? (COP)

A

Near places are the center of most lived experiences and mostly ‘used’ by locals and are where everyday experiences take place.

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13
Q

Near and far places: time-space compression

A

Distance tends to have a frictional effect and this means that, traditionally, places near to each other had greater interaction, communication and commonalities than those that were far apart. The further you travel from ‘home’ the greater your feeling of being an ‘outsider’ within that place. Time-space compression is the erosion of the friction of space- it is now much easier to travel and communicate on a near global scale. The implication for ‘place’ is that people may feel more ‘at home’ / an insider in places that are far apart.

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14
Q

What are experienced places? (COP)

A

Experienced places influence peoples lives directly by living there or visiting the place in person but they can also influence peoples lives indirectly through decisions that are made there (political reasons or for work).

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15
Q

What are media places? (COP)

A

Media places are places brought to people through the media (TV, radio, film, books or computer). These are seen through personal ‘eyes’ and this means that the individual perceives a sense of pace even if the place is very far away or even imaginary.

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16
Q

What is the media place case study?

A

Dubai- Media represents it as a vibrant places with lots of diversity and wealth. In real life it isn’t like that at all, there is lots of poverty and lots of slave work (Dubai World Cup 2022)

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17
Q

National and regional influences (N&RI)

A

The nature of a place can change as the result of national and regional influences. There are 5 different influences.

Transport, infrastructure, regional governance, nearby urban areas and politics.

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18
Q

Transport and infrastructure (N&RI)

A

Transport and communication links (including rails, roads, air and broadband) all affect the economic and social characteristics on a place

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19
Q

Regional governance (N&RI)

A

Initiatives like Local Enterprise Partnerships (LEP) try to work out what skills and project a region needs. They can then work witch local businesses to solve them (38 LEPs in England)

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20
Q

Nearby urban areas (N&RI)

A

Locations of workplaces, shopping facilities and leisure activities can all affect a place. This means many people may choose to live near regional shopping destinations (Trafford Center or Westfield). People also have to live close enough to their work place to commute on a daily basis (although the internet does enable some people to work remotely)

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21
Q

Politics (N&RI)

A

Political attitudes and decisions resulting from political support can also affect a place

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22
Q

What is biomapping?

A

This is mapping peoples emotions (qualitative data and subjective data)

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23
Q

What is placelesness?

A

The loss of uniqueness of a place

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24
Q

What is the tourist gaze?

A

Organised by businesses and governments and can mediate the tourists experience of a place

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25
Q

What are demographics?

A

Social characteristics and statistics of a human population

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26
Q

What is positionality?

A

This can be things like age, gender, sexuality etc

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27
Q

What is topophilia?

A

A strong attachment to a place

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28
Q

What is topophobia?

A

A dread or adverse reaction to a place

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29
Q

What is attachment?

A

The more time spent in a place, the more we learn and the more attached we get to it. Attachment to a place is influenced by quality/intensity of the experience (more enjoyment, sense of safety etc, more attached we get)

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30
Q

What does well-being of a place mean?

A

This could be sociability (friendly/welcoming), access (connected, access to resources and services), activities (social/community) or image (clean, safe, attractive, stable)

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31
Q

How does place affect identity?

A

Place can be critical to the construction of a persons identity. This can be enhanced by knowledge and experience and can be evident at different scales.
Local- emotional ownership
Regional- loyalty to a region
National- patriotism

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32
Q

What does it mean to belong in or to a place?

A

Sense of belonging is fostered through community spirit, inclusivity regardless of age, gender, socio-economic status, religion and race

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33
Q

Examples of well-being in Bristol

A

Bristol University, UWE, Bristol children’s hospital, BRI hospital, Frenchay hospital and parks like College Green and Eastville park

34
Q

Examples of belonging in Bristol

A

Festivals such as St Pauls Carnival, Tokyo World festival and Love Saves The Day festival etc

35
Q

Examples of identity in Bristol

A

Sports teams like Bristol City, Bristol Rovers and Bristol Bears. Art and creativity like Banksy art around the city or accents (Bristolian). Festivals could also be used here

36
Q

What is the rural idyll?

A

This is the medias representation of a ‘rural idealised life’. The media says that British countryside is relaxing and almost perfect, however the reality is that it could be isolating, slow (broadband wise) and this means young adults tend to move out of rural areas

37
Q

Media and visual representations of Bristol (M&VROB)- Skins

A

Media 1: Skins (video representation)
- This made Bristol look sad, derelict but free and mainly only showed the main sites. This was aimed at children or young adults and it shows that not all media representation of Bristol is accurate as it makes it look very run down and dodgy

38
Q

M&VROB- Banksy

A

Media 2: Banksy (artist representation)
- The Mild Mild West is one of Banksy’s most famous pieces of art and it represents the feeling and the events happening at the time and this could give Bristol a bad representation

39
Q

M&VROB- Different types of photos

A

Media 3: Different types of photos
- These could be interpreted differently by different people (subjective) and could be interpreted wrong but these are realistic and are take anywhere. These only take a moment in time and they can help understand change over time

40
Q

M&VROB- Maps

A

Media 4: Maps
- These can be both qualitative and quantitative data and there are different types of maps to tell different things. These also show change over time but don’t always just show a moment in time and can show facts or emotions and aren’t subjective.

41
Q

What is homogenisation?

A

In terms of a high street, homogenisation is when a high street will be made to look like other high streets (it will have no defining characteristics)

42
Q

What is a clone town?

A

A clone town is a town that has been dominated by chain stores meaning it looks no different from other towns

43
Q

Where in Bristol could be described as clone towns?

A

Cabot Circus and Broadmead

44
Q

Why is homogenisation and clone towns bad?

A

Money will not be staying in the area and will not be going into the local economy because there are no independent shops, they are all globalised chains.

45
Q

Why are there more clone towns being made?

A

Chain stores are more likely to survive on a high street that independent stores

46
Q

Near place case study- St Pauls
Where is it?

A

St Pauls is in inner city Bristol and is part of Ashely (as a ward) and is next to the M32. It is in walkable distance from Cabot Circus and is close to Easton. Its located in North Bristol

47
Q

Near place case study- St Pauls
What are the flows of people in St Pauls?

A

-Inward migration of Caribbean people (mainly Jamaican) in 1948 due to the Windrush Generation after the second World War
- 500 Jamaicans came over to the UK and into Bristol after residents moved away to safer suburbs
- houses had 20-30 people living in them and this was the only affordable place in live after the war but Bristol’s inner city was left in debris after bombing

48
Q

What does CLIPS stand for?

A

C- capital
L- labour
I- ideas/investment
P- products
S- services

49
Q

What are some of the events that happened to the Windrush generation in Bristol?

A
  • 1960’s MLK civil rights movements. There was lots of segregation and prejudice
    -1962 Jamaica won independence which meant Jamaicans in UK had to reapply for citizenship
  • 1968 racism reduced due to colour bar bans on bus
  • relationships between St Pauls residents and police was untrustworthy
  • education was unprepared for the influx of people and different languages and cultures
  • in the 70’s St Pauls became a refuge and support place for black communities
  • unemployment was high in the 70’s because of deindustrialisation
  • police and community divided more and because the police didn’t understand the Jamaican culture they shut down places like the Black and White café which sold cannabis
  • riots occurred because stop and search operations were powered by racism
  • police start doing routine drug raids but this causes unrest
  • St Pauls becomes centre of drug trafficking in the south west
  • crime rises (drug abuse and murder)
  • Aggie crew- drug gang on the front line of drug dealing but get arrested
  • Yardies (another organised crime group) step in while Aggie crew are in prison- flow of people
  • Bristol became one of the most renowned drug capital in the UK
  • 2003 Aggie crew return to the streets after they were in jail
  • 2008 Cabot Circus is made
  • 2009 there are now predominantly Muslims and / or eastern Europeans and Asians- flow of people
50
Q

Who was the ‘founder’ of St pauls?

A

Paul Stephenson

51
Q

What is gentrification?

A

The process of a poor area being regenerated by wealthy people moving into the area. This improves housing and attracts businesses

52
Q

What is regeneration?

A

The process of improving a place

53
Q

Bristol harbourside case study facts

A
  • The harbourside ran through into the centre of Bristol meaning trade went into the heart of the city which made it easier to trade and transport fees were cheaper
  • The Clifton Suspension Bridge was made in 1864 by Isambard Kingdom Brunel to make sure trade and transport was easier in and out of the city
  • The floating harbour was built in 1809 because ships kept getting stranded in the channel and it caused damage to the boats so merchants thought of ways to stop this and make the harbour non-tidal by damming the river. This allowed the ships to stay afloat
  • Exports from Bristol were coal, lead and animal hides
  • Imports to Bristol were wine, grain, timber and olive oil
  • Some traces that are still around the harbour side now that show us Bristol’s past are the SS Great Britain, the Matthew, the docks and Bristol cathedral
  • Bristol’s harbour side went into decline in the late 1960’s due to it being outdated and was too small for big, modern container ships
  • Some problems that occurred due to this decline and dereliction of the floating harbour was that the economy broke down due to little flow of money in and out of the city, places that workers lived like Bedminster became poorer and there was a very big divide between the rich and poor. Crime increased and the negative multiplier effect started.
54
Q

What is deindustrialisation?

A

The reduction of industrial activity or capacity in a region or economy

55
Q

What is the positive multiplier effect?

A

An example of the positive multiplier effect could be money or people flowing into a place. This means new building can be or will need to be made. This could create new jobs and this will give the employees money and potentially allow them to have disposable income. This leads to them being able to spend money on entertainment or clothes etc. This will mean more shops or entertainment will need to be made which generates jobs again and this cycle continues.

56
Q

What is the negative multiplier effect?

A

An example of this could be people or money flowing out of a place. This means that businesses don’t have employees or money coming in and this means that the place goes downhill and the employees left may not be paid as well because businesses don’t have the money to pay them. This leads to unemployment as some employees may be let go and this leads to poverty and homelessness. This could lead to an increase in crime because people cannot afford essentials like food. The cycle will then continue.

57
Q

Give some reasons why deindustrialisation occurred

A
  • there are cheaper materials elsewhere
  • cheaper transport and labour costs elsewhere
  • other countries could make the products
  • other countries have better natural resources (coal, oil, etc)
  • better technology elsewhere
  • we had an aging work force
58
Q

What is inner city decline?

A

In the central pat of the city where people live, and where there are often problems because people are poor and there are few jobs and bad housing etc

59
Q

What does deprivation mean?

A

Means that a standard of living or the quality of life is below that of the majority in a particular society

60
Q

Far place case study- Detroit
Where is Detroit?

A

Detroit is a city in the state of Michigan and is situated along the Detroit river which links Lake Huron and Lake Erie together

61
Q

Far place case study- Detroit
What is the Gilded Age?

A

In the 19th century, shipping and shipbuilding brought wealth to Detroit and this bought lots of money to Detroit. Mansions were built in the east and west of downtown Detroit, demonstrating the economic rewards

62
Q

Far place case study- Detroit
What is the Steel Belt Boom?

A
  • 19th century Detroit had a significant population growth but it wasn’t until the 20th that its expansion (population and land area) took off
  • home grown companies manufactured new standardised consumer products for customers across USA and soon exported around the world
  • southern Michigan was part of a larger region within USA called the Steel Belt because established waterways, canals, roads and railroads helped to connect iron ore mines with coal resources from the Appalachian mountains
63
Q

Far place case study- Detroit
What are some big companies that came out of Detroit?

A
  • Ford
  • General motors
  • Chrysler
    (known as the big 3)
  • Motown records
64
Q

Far place case study- Detroit
What is the ‘Great Migration’?

A

The Great migration refers to millions of African Americans moving out of rural southern states of USA to the urban north west and Midwest states to apply for new jobs in the automotive industry. This was driven by racism that they were receiving in the southern states at the time. The Ku Klux Klan (KKK) a white supremacist group had a lot of support in the regions and authorities favoured whites. African Americans felt pushed out by the lack of economic opportunities apart from labouring on plantations.

65
Q

Far place case study- Detroit
Why did the city and suburbs grow?

A

Detroit welcomes many African Americans and Europeans from the east and south. This boosted the local work force. In the 20th century, when the Great Migration occurred, the white population decreased and the African American population rose (specifically in the 1950’s). Because the population increased, the Detroit’s urban area grew

66
Q

What is urbanisation?

A

The process of an area becoming more urban. This can be because populations move from rural to urban areas

67
Q

What is urban sprawl?

A

This is the development of residential areas on the outskirts or beyond the original boundaries of a city or town

68
Q

Far case study- Detroit
Why did the motor industry in Detroit start to decline?

A

1970’s onwards there was international oil crises which promoted drivers to buy vehicles with greater fuel economy. Competitors from Asia (Honda, Nissan and Toyota) produced more desirable models. This caused Detroit’s big employers to suffer a decline in sales and profits. Companies like Ford and General Motors responded by cutting jobs and shutting down less efficient plants. This in turn caused a rise in unemployment and Detroit saw a fall in taxes raised by city authorities who then had to invest less in public services.

69
Q

What does urban rebranding mean?

A

This means to reinvent a place

70
Q

Far place case study- Detroit
What did Detroit try to do and was it successful?

A

Despite Detroit’s economic climate, Detroit still tries to back the motor industry. The mayor at the time controversially purchased land to build hi-tech car plants in the city. This plant was called the General Motor Hamtramck Assembly Plant in a part of Detroit formally known as Poletown because a lot of Polish people used to live there. The proposal of this saw protests against the development but it did see some support from the locals. The first model came off the production line in Hamtramck in 1985 and was names the Cadillac Eldorado (names after a mythical city of gold). Despite this, Detroit could not reinvigorate itself even though it had once been wealth and rapid growing. The Ford financed Renaissance Centre was complete in 1977 and was an exercise in urban rebranding. It was planned to be a development that would attract business back into downtown Detroit, which was rundown. However, this also didn’t work and was criticised for creating office and retail space that was physically disconnected and protected from the rest of the city centre and was also designed to protect visitors from the rising crime rates in the area. The Renaissance Centre is now the headquarters of General Motors.

71
Q

Far place case study- Detroit
What is the American Rust Belt region?

A

By 2008, Toyota had become the leading global producers in the auto industry but also the leader in global sales, overtaking General Motors. This showed the decline in the motor industry in America and this was called the Rust Belt, with Detroit being the capital of the region.

72
Q

Far place case study- Detroit
Endogenous factors

A
  • Detroit became the growth of the car industry in USA
  • because of where Detroit is (physical geography) it allowed it to become a manufacturing city
  • Henry Ford was from Detroit
73
Q

Far place case study- Detroit
Exogenous flows

A
  • People moved to and from Detroit due to push and pull factors in the 1930’s
  • African American people shaped Detroit and America via Motown music
  • Detroit had global and national reach as a manufacturing city because of its geography
  • Money flowed in and out of Detroit via investment in property etc
  • Resources flowed into Detroit like coal and iron
74
Q

Far place case study- Detroit
Exogenous factors

A
  • Black American population in USA caused uprising and protest via civil rights movement. Detroit saw some of the worst rioting in 1967
  • Deindustrialisation and the oil crisis wasn’t just in Detroit
75
Q

Far place case study- Detroit
What lead to demographic changes?

A
  • People moving into Detroit in the 1930’s because of push and pull factors
  • Oppression and discrimination of the Black American population lead to people moving around USA to less racist areas although Detroit did see some riots
76
Q

Far place case study- Detroit
What lead to cultural change?

A
  • People moving into Detroit in the 1930’s (African American’s specifically through Motown music)
77
Q

Far place case study- Detroit
What lead to social inequality?

A
  • Discrimination and racism against a lot of the Black American population and the African American population
  • Deindustrialisation and the oil crisis caused money to flow out of Detroit and caused economic decline (unemployment etc)
78
Q

Far place case study- Detroit
What caused economic change?

A
  • Detroit has money flowing into the city rapidly when it started to manufacture cars and car industry grew
  • Detroit’s geography allowed it to have a global and national reach allowing money to flow in
  • Money also flowed into the Detroit via property investment
  • Resources like coal and iron flowed into Detroit also bringing money with it
79
Q

Far place case study- Detroit
Who is Dan Gilbert and what did he do in Detroit?

A

Dan Gilbert is a billionaire who owns the company Quicken loans. He has bought more than 60-70 buildings in downtown Detroit. He bought Quicken to his hometown of Detroit and is involved a lot in real estate and has seeded dozens of start up businesses. He is estimated to employ around 12,500 people in Detroit.

80
Q

Far place case study- Detroit
What percentage of the population in Detroit fell below the poverty line?

A

36%

81
Q

Far case study- Detroit
What was the highest amount of people recorded to be in Detroit in its ‘boom’?

A

1.85 million making in USA’s 4th largest city and offered 296,000 manufacturing jobs

82
Q

What is urban blight/decay?

A

The process by which a city or a part of city falls into despair, disrepair (abandoned buildings, poverty, crime, desolated cityscape etc)

AQA A-Level Geography 2022-2024 (19 decks)

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