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AQA A-Level Geography 2022-2024 > Y1) TERM 4- GLOBAL SYSTEMS AND GLOBAL GOVERNANCE (PART 2) (E) > Flashcards

Y1) TERM 4- GLOBAL SYSTEMS AND GLOBAL GOVERNANCE (PART 2) (E) Flashcards

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1
Q

what is Glocalisation

A

global and local fusing into one

TNC’s change products to fit the local demographic

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2
Q

explain the multiplier effect if a TNC opens a factory

A

the factory needs workers, these workers need food so small food shops open to feed the workers. the workers then need homes so these are built. this helps build the country’s economy.

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3
Q

why do TNC’s set up factories around the world (clue- profit)

A

They do this to get around import and export taxes and then their products mainly don’t need to be transported so they save money therefore increasing profits.

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4
Q

In Bhopal what was the incident that occurred? (BHOPAL)

What was the chemical?
How many effected?

A

A pesticide factory had a leakage of a deadly chemical called Methyl Isocyanate. This impacted the 520,000 people surrounding the factory.

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5
Q

What company was responsible (BHOPAL)

A

Union Carbide

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6
Q

What was the impact of the Bhopal tragedy (BHOPAL)

A

It caused sickness, burning, suffocation, local hospitals became overwhelmed and there was no knowledge of it.

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7
Q

how many initial deaths

deaths in one week

beyond one week

overall health impact (BHOPAL)

A

3000

8000

15-20k

1/2 million

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8
Q

What caused the gas to leak (BHOPAL)

A

water got into the storage tank, it reacted causing it to be released

All 3 safety systems not working

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9
Q

Where are Walmart stores located (WALMART)

how many names does Walmart operate as

A

Globally scattered

America, England, South Africa, India, China, Nigeria, Japan

55 different names, examples:Asda-UK Seiyu-Japan

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10
Q

How much revenue did Walmart make in 2009 (WALMART)

A

$505 billion

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11
Q

Walmart is the biggest employer in how many states (WALMART)

how many employees

A

25 states

2.1 million employees (7x population of Iceland)

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12
Q

Host country benefits from TNC growth

A

Jobs - pay more, less strenuous as ones in local community

Quality of life improves, standard of living increase

Companies use local suppliers- able to expand more businesses by selling/ expanding goods

Jobs - more taxes help local communities

Company’s invest in environmentally friendly/ sustainable development is the host country

Improved relations between countries

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13
Q

Host country costs from TNC growth

A

Jobs - sweatshops, poor working conditions bad pay

Dangerous working conditions = death

fast fashion

‘race to the bottom’

Environmental concerns- corners are often cut to secure FDI

Host countries have no power in decision making

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14
Q

Home countries benefits from TNC growth

A

Customers - wide range of fashion

Profits maximised

cheap products - due to low production cost

asses new markets and resources

Green brands are becoming more popular, improving the environment

improved relations between countries

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15
Q

Home country costs from TNC growth

A

Shop workers often work long hours with poor pay ( minimum wage )

Deindustrialisation of home countries as factories are being used abroad

cloning - branded, mass produced products , outcompeting local businesses

less employment in home country as jobs are sent abroad

Shipping - huge carbon footprint

Consumerism - waste products form are in home countries

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16
Q

What is a commodity (TRADE)

A

a useful/ value item ( often a crop or raw material ) that can be sold- oil, coffee, copper, etc

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17
Q

what is Fairtrade (TRADE)

A

is an arrangement designed to help producers in growing countries achieve sustainable and equitable trade relationships. Members of the Fairtrade movement add the payment of higher prices to exporters, as well as improved social and environmental standards.

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18
Q

What is Fairtrade premium (TRADE)

A

Is an extra sum of money, paid on top of the selling price, that farmers or workers invest in projects of their choice such as improving their farming, business or health and education in their community.

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19
Q

What is ‘RACE TO THE BOTTOM’ (TRADE)

A

Almost a competition, where a company, state, or nation attempts to undercut the competitions prices by sacrificing quality standards or worker safety ( often defying regulation ) or reducing labour costs.

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20
Q

what is the bean belt (COFFEE)

A

A strip around the world ( between the tropics ) where all the world coffee is grown.

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21
Q

Globally how many cups of coffee do we drink per day (COFFEE)

A

1.5 billion

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22
Q

coffee is the (?) most widely traded commodity after oil (COFFEE)

A

(?) = 2nd

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23
Q

who are the main producers of coffee (3) (COFFEE)

A

Africa, South America, Asia (LIC’s or NEE’s)

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24
Q

what was the crisis in Colombia (COFFEE)

A

Due to prices of coffee falling and violence increased people have little to no choice but to change to growing coca ( cocaine ).

Deforestation and removal of coffee plantations for coca

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25
Q

What does Fairtrade do to help the coffee farms in Columbia (COFFEE)

A

Fairtrade pay farmers a premium to protect them against economic downturn.

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26
Q

what problems do coffee plants suffer with (COFFEE)

A

Blight, pests, poor weather, expensive fertiliser, unfair trade, conflict, glyphosate and corruption

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27
Q

what percentage of the supermarket price do the coffee farmers receive. (COFFEE)

A

7-10%

TNC’s make all the profit

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28
Q

Between 1999 and 2002, the price of coffee globally ….. by …..% to a 30 year …. (COFFEE)

A

fell 50% low

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29
Q

what causes market price fluctuations (COFFEE)

A

supply vs demand - no financial security

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30
Q

how does climate change impact coffee (COFFEE)

A

growing in dryer conditions is becoming to difficult

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31
Q

why is fertiliser and pesticides a problem for coffee farmers (COFFEE)

A

they are expensive

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32
Q

why are costs of coffee so low (COFFEE)

A

LIC’s ( where the coffee is grown ) have little power to dictate prices to the HIC’s which buy the produce ( race to the bottom )

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33
Q

what is the whole process from planting the coffee pants to it being purchased in shops. (COFFEE)

A

Coffee tree- planted as a seed ( one tree = 1kg of coffee per year )

harvested- ( 120 kg of harvest = 25kg of coffee to be sold )

separated from the husks

fermentation ( for 12 hours )

Dried for 5 days

bagged

taken to cooperative ( market )

sampled, checked , analysed, graded, weighed, purchased (farer payed)

beans processed ( blended, roasted, grounded, freeze dried, packed )

exported

purchased, enoyed

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34
Q

social benefits of Fairtrade (COFFEE)

A

benefits wider community

creates a future for the next generation of coffee farmers

a movement of change connects consumers and producers

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35
Q

environmental benefits of Fairtrade (COFFEE)

A

better more sustainable farming

improved productivity

climate change adaptation

36
Q

economic benefits of Fairtrade (COFFEE)

A

direct and transparent relationships

investment in better farming practices

increased stability through diversification

37
Q

pros for Fairtrade

A

minimum wage payed to workers

no child labour

minimum price paid for coffee or market price if its higher

premium paid too

38
Q

cons for Fairtrade

A

costs $600 (minimum each year) to join Fairtrade

There’s no guaranteed buyer

Competition is often too great (FT vs established/ known growers)

can cause financial inequality

39
Q

what is debt diplomacy (between china and Africa example)

A

China could give Africa a port out of loans and once built, Africa owe China the price + interest. When Africa can’t pay back they then own that area of Africa and can avoid taxes etc…

40
Q

what are the aims of WTO (GLOBAL GOVERNANCE)

A

make the rules of trade between nations + regulate trade enforcing rules

41
Q

positives of WTO (GLOBAL GOVERNANCE)

A

free trade increases interconnectedness/ interdependence increases competition

42
Q

negatives of WTO (GLOBAL GOVERNANCE)

A

Free trade benefits HIC’s over LIC’s

43
Q

what are the aims of WHO (GLOBAL GOVERNANCE)

A

eradicate and prevent disease

44
Q

positives of WHO (GLOBAL GOVERNANCE)

A

eradication of smallpox and almost polio

45
Q

negatives of WHO (GLOBAL GOVERNANCE)

A

AIDS is still a big issue worldwide

46
Q

what are the aims of the World Bank/ IMF (GLOBAL GOVERNANCE)

A

reduce poverty and improve standards of living

47
Q

positives of the World Bank / IMF (GLOBAL GOVERNANCE)

A

inequality and world development issues better understood

48
Q

negatives of the World Bank/ IMF (GLOBAL GOVERNANCE)

A

WTO has more power, and subject to economic ideology

49
Q

what are the aims of G7 (GLOBAL GOVERNANCE)

A

A forum for 7 of the wealthiest developed countries which strengthen the power of developed countries

50
Q

positive’s of G7 (GLOBAL GOVERNANCE)

A

Supported the education of millions of children in the poorest countries

51
Q

negatives of G7 (GLOBAL GOVERNANCE)

A

They strengthen the power of developed countries rather than encouraging equality between them and the less developed countries

52
Q

what are the aims of UN security council (GLOBAL GOVERNANCE)

A

maintain world peace and security

53
Q

positives of the UN security council (GLOBAL GOVERNANCE)

A

supported nuclear disarmament, 170 successful peace- keeping missions in LIC’s

54
Q

negatives of the UN security council (GLOBAL GOVERNANCE)

A

nuclear weapons still increasing in some places (N Korea)

55
Q

what are the aims of the UN (GLOBAL GOVERNANCE)

A

set up in 1945 to establish a peaceful and fair world

56
Q

positives of the UN (GLOBAL GOVERNANCE)

A

193 member countries, practically every country in the world is a member. Promote G + S

57
Q

negatives of the UN (GLOBAL GOVERNANCE)

A

developed countries hold most of the power

58
Q

what are the 5 global commons

A

Atmosphere
Oceans
Antarctica
Outer space
Cyber space

59
Q

what is the idea of the tragedy of the commons

A

how one greedy person impacts everyone

60
Q

an example of the tragedy of the commons (the fish pond)

A

A pond of fish that every night 2 fish will produce a fully grown fish. If the local people are not greedy and take one fish each ( the ones produced overnight ) then the next day there will be the same amount of fish produced to eat again. if one person eats an extra then overnight one less fish will be produced and eventually the population of fish will die. So that one greedy person destroyed it for everyone.

61
Q

how can the tragedy of the commons not be repeated ( sustainability )

A

if we use resources sustainably, without overexploiting them to help people in the short term whilst not destroying anything in the long term.

62
Q

how much does a holiday trip to Antarctica cost (ANTARCTICA)

A

$9-13k

63
Q

Roughly how many tourists visit each year (ANTARCTICA)

A

37,000

64
Q

how much would the sea levels rise if Antarctica melted (ANTARCTICA)

A

around 70m

65
Q

what is Antarctica (ANTARCTICA)

A

A global common

66
Q

what was the lowest temperature ever recorded there (ANTARCTICA)

A

-89 Degrees Celsius

67
Q

who is responsible for protecting and monitoring Global Commons (5)

A

CCAMLR
IWC
ASOC
ATS
UNEP

68
Q

what are the 5 threats to Antarctica (ANTARCTICA)

A

Climate change
fishing
scientific research
tourism
Mineral resources

69
Q

positives for CCAMLR (ANTARCTICA)

A

reduction in seabird mortality

challenges illegal fishing

regulating bottom fishing

70
Q

negatives for CCAMLR (ANTARCTICA)

A

In 2018 CCAMLR failed to deliver increased protection for fragile Antarctic ecosystems

71
Q

positives for PEP Madrid (ANTARCTICA)

A

designates Antarctica as a ‘ natural reserve devoted to peace and science ‘

prohibits mining indefinitely

environmental principles that must be taken into consideration when any plants are put in place

plans to respond to environmental emergencies

72
Q

negatives for PEP Madrid (ANTARCTICA)

A

the protocol is not applicable to overflight not other areal activities where they do not land in the Antarctic.

73
Q

positives for IWC (ANTARCTICA)

A

Training workshops for how to safely and effectively respond to entangled whales.

investigation into whale migration routes

74
Q

negatives for IWC (ANTARCTICA)

A

lacks a compliance and enforcement programme

75
Q

positives for ATS (ANTARCTICA)

A

free access and research rights to all countries.

prohibits military activity

bans the dumping of nuclear waste

sorted territorial claims

76
Q

negatives of ATS (ANTARCTICA)

A

no new territorial claims can be made whilst treaty is in force

77
Q

what is upwelling (ANTARCTICA)

A

cold nutrient full water rises from the bottom of the sea and warm water at the surface sinks

78
Q

what governance is for the threat of climate change

A

COP27

79
Q

what governance is for the threat of fishing

A

CCAMLR

IWC

80
Q

what governance is for the threat of tourism

A

PEP Madrid

IAATO

81
Q

what governance is for the threat of mineral exploitation

A

PEP Madrid

82
Q

what governance is for the threat of scientific research

A

ATS

PEP Madrid

83
Q

What does IWC stand for?

A

International Whaling Commission

84
Q

What does CCAMLR stand for?

A

Commission for the Conservation of the Antarctic Marine Living Resources

85
Q

What does ATS stand for?

A

Antarctic Treaty System

86
Q

What does IAATO stand for?

A

International Association of Antarctic Tour Operators

AQA A-Level Geography 2022-2024 (19 decks)

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