P2 shortened case study's Flashcards
Dubai
Changing places - media places
-United Arab Emirates
-presented as a glamourous, luxurious and high-status place
-many low paid migrant workers, spend 41% of their wages on housing
-Sense of place greatly varies between the workers and the wealthy business owners
Bristol - regeneration
Changing places - near place
-SW England
-Industrialised = early 19th century
-Went into decline in late 1960’s- docks became outdated and too small (containerisation)
-Regeneration started in 1970’s- 3000 new jobs created
-£500 million inward investment (Ashton Gate, metro bus, Cabot Circus)
-Bristol considered a clone town (placelessness, homogenisation)
-economy broke down, little flow of money, crime increased (negative multiplier effect)
-unemployment rose by 20%
-Land was contaminated by industrial waste
St Pauls (Bristol)
Changing places
-Windrush was housed (20-30 people in each house)
-St Pauls became centre of drug trafficking for the southwest (drug capital in UK)
TIMELINE:
-Wealthy merchants live - 1900’s
-WW2 and mass bombings- 1939-45
-Windrush generation moves in- 1948
-Boycott buses- 1963
-Drug wars (Yardies vs Aggy crew)- 1980’s-90’s
-Sus law- 1980 (stop and search law)
-Hipsters move in- early mid 2000’s
Detroit
Changing places- far place
(changing character of a place)
-USA in state of Michigan
-Steel belt boom- 19th-20th century (assembly line)
-Steel belt (waterways-canals-roads-railroads) -connect iron ore mines to coal resources
-deindustrialisation (rust belt)- late 20th century
-(1916-1970)- millions of African Americans moved from southern places for jobs, escape racism
TIMELINE:
-Big 3- Chrysler, ford and General Motors
-1970’s onwards people preferred Asian cars (Toyota etc)
-Detroit’s big employers= decline in sales (unemployment)
-Detroit bankrupt- 2013
-Dan Gilbert, billionaire is owner of Quicken loans and bought 60 buildings in downtown Detroit (regeneration)
-5.5-mile walk/cycle path put along water’s edge (link suburbs)
Poland to Peterborough
- Poland= in central Europe
- Peterborough= Cambridgeshire, England
-Polish work hard for little money, Brits wont
-15,000 more people since 2004
-1 in 10 residents here are Polish
-This is one of the fastest growing economies (host country benefit)
-language barriers (schools, police)
-more job opportunities for women in Poland (home country benefit)- women doing ‘men’s’ jobs like firefighting
-Remittances from UK to Poland
-overcrowding, increased pressures on UK systems
China to Africa
(FDI)
-Nigeria- 2006- infrastructure built in exchange for preferential oil right bidding- $5.38 billion
-CHINA GAINS:
China makes allies, set up military bases, spread of Chinese influence/political influence and gains resources
-AFRICA GAINS
Increased local employment, infrastructure, machinery, roads, internet and access to global markets
-DEBT DIPLOMACY:
China could give Africa a port out of loan and once built Africa then owe China the price of the port+interest, when Africa cannot afford to pay that back, China now own that area and can avoid taxes etc
Coffee
-Bean belt is a strip between tropics where all the coffee in the world is grown (due to hot, wet climate)
-Crisis in Columbia- due to coffee prices falling and violence increasing= no choice but to grow coca (cocaine)
-Deforestation occurred to make room for coffee or coca plantations
-Fairtrade - help coffee farmers in Columbia get a fair price
- Most coffee farmers receive 7-10% of profits back, TNCs recieve the majority
-Between 1999 and 2002, prices fell by 50% to a 30-year low
Bhopal
Union Carbide (TNC)
India
-1984, a pesticides factory had a leakage of deadly chemicals
-Impacted 520,000 people surrounding the factory
-Impact was sickness, burning, suffocation, local hospitals became overwhelmed
-Deaths= 15-20k
-Overall health impact= ½ a million
-3 safety systems failed in the factory (TNC neglect)
remittances to Somalia
-Remittances make more of the country’s income than any other source ($1.8 billion)
Antarctica
Global common
-Roughly 37000 people visit Antarctica each year
-If melted, sea levels would rise around 70m
-90% of all ice on earth
-70% of all the Earth’s wesh water
-5 threats to Antarctica: climate change, fishing, scientific research, tourism and mined materials
7 organisations set up to protect and monitor Antarctica:
- Governance for threat of climate: COP 27
- Governance for threat of fishing: CCAMLR and IWC
- Governance for threat of tourism: IAATO, PEP Madrid
- Governance for threat of mineral exploitation: PEP Madrid
- Governance for threat of scientific research: PEP Madrid and ATS
Walmart (TNC)
-Revenue made in 2009- $505 billion
-HQ in Arkansas
-A lot of workers are poorly paid so rely on state benefits
-has opened some ‘green stores’ people drive to them
-2015 donated over $2 million to west African countries impacted by natural disasters
Rana Plaza
- Biggest disaster in clothing industry
- An 8-story factory collapsed in Dhaka- Bangladesh
- Happened on 24th April 2013
- Death toll of 1,134
- This collapsed due to a structural failure and TNC’s race to the bottom
- Supplied clothes to places like Walmart, Primark and Zara
Bangladesh
(population change)
-Population around 165 million
-Moving from stage 2 to stage 3 of DTM
-Fertility rate - 7.0 in 1970
-Fertility rate= 2.3 in 2017
-Capital- Dhaka- one of most densely populated cities in world - 70% live in slums
-Estimated in 2015 more than 120,000 deaths in Bangladesh due to exposure to fine particle matter 2.5 in the air
Malaria
communicable + infectious
spread through vectors
common in tropical/ subtropical areas
can be fatal if not treated
vaccine available
symptoms leave after 2 weeks with treatment
symptoms- nausea, high fever, shaking chills, headache, fatigue
CHD
non- communicable
coronary heart disease
Blood vessels supplying the heart are narrowed or blocked
CANNOT be cured, CAN be treated
cause- diet of saturated fats + cholesterol
symptoms - chest pain, shortness of breath, feeling faint, sick often
Covid 19
communicable + infectious
spread by speaking, coughing, sneezing
most don’t need treatment, severe cases put on ventilators in hospitals
vaccines available
symptoms - fever, chills, cough, difficulty breathing, fatigue, muscle+ body aches, headaches
Thomas Malthus
population theories
-1798 theory- population could grow quicker than carrying capacity
- This is because populations could grow exponentially (rapidly)
- So population size must be reduced by war, disease ect
- ONE PROBLEM - based on idea, rate of growth in food production can’t increase but it increased rapidly in 18th century due to technology advances- agricultural revolution and industrial revolution
Neo-Malthusians
population theories
- Neo-Malthusians argue that rapid growth is an obstacle to development and should be slowed (e.g. more use of contraception)
- Some think that there are enough resources to support bigger population- problem is how resources are distributed
Ester Boserup
population theories
- 1965- wrote ‘however big world’s population is, people would always produce sufficient food to meet needs
-Evidence to support this: techniques to increase food production have been developed such as GM plants
Julian Simon
population theories
- Argued population increase is positive for humanity
- The ‘ultimate resource’ is the human mind
- Thought that if population grows there will be enough intelligence to solve problems that arise
- Supports Boserup- human innovation will fix problems
Neolithic revolution
12000 BC to 8000 BC - stone age
changed from a lifestyle of hunting and gathering to one of farming and settlements
began in the fertile crescent (Iraq)
agricultural revolution
mid-17th and late 19th centuries
-Crop rotation with clover
-horse drawn seed press
-Selective breeding
industrial revolution
1760 to 1840
Transition to new manufacturing processes, using machinery
England’s population more than doubled
green revolution
1960’s and 70’s
introduction of hybrid strains of wheat, rice and corn (maize) and the adoption and heavy doses of chemical fertiliser
- Pros: increased productivity
- Cons: chemical pollution
polar climate
66 degrees latitude
precipitation= less than 100mm/year
arid climate
30 degrees latitude
less than 250mm rainfall/year
podzols
coniferous forest, heather moorland
Below leaf litter is narrow, acidic A horizon- nutrients are leached from A horizon by water
Minerals accumulate in the B horizon ( difference )
red B horizon ( same )
poor for agriculture ( same )
order of horizons
Order A Bear Cause Rawr
O - Organic
A - surfAce
B - suBsoil
C - substratUM
R - bedRock
latosols
tropical rainforest
As soon as leaf litter decomposes to humus, its nutrients are absorbed by vegetation rather than staying in the soil- means fertile A horizon is very thin
materials are leached from B horizon ( difference )
red B horizon ( same )
poor for agriculture ( same )
GM farming
genetically modified plants
- Strengths: tastier, faster growing, increased supply, less cost, longer shelf life
- Weaknesses: toxicology effects, allergic reactions, loss of nutrition, cancer
- The EU has banned GM crops
