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AQA A-Level Geography 2022-2024 > Natural Hazards Definitions (E) > Flashcards

Natural Hazards Definitions (E) Flashcards

1
Q

A’a lava

A

Flows with a rough surface

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2
Q

Abyssal plain

A

Flat region of the ocean floor

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3
Q

Acid rain

A

Carbon mixing with the rain - chemical weathering

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4
Q

Aseismic building design

A

Buildings designed to withstand + minimise destruction during an earthquake

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5
Q

Ash

A

Light material from a volcano

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6
Q

Asthenosphere

A

Portion of the earths mantle, it’s the denser, weaker layer beneath the lithospheric mantle

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7
Q

Basal drag

A

Convection currents creating friction on underside of plate dragging it ,18cm a year

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8
Q

Batholith

A

Large body of igneous rock formed beneath earths surface

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9
Q

Caldera

A

Large depression formed when a volcano erupts + collapses

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10
Q

Collision Zone

A

Formed when two continental plates collide

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11
Q

Composite cone

A

Large volcanoes, active over long periods + erupt periodically

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12
Q

Constructive margin

A

Plates move appart

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13
Q

Continental crust

A

The crust beneath land

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14
Q

Continental drift

A

The movement of continents (from tectonic plates)

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15
Q

Convection current

A

The movement of the mantle

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16
Q

Coriolis

A

Circulatory air deflected to north + south hemisphere

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17
Q

Craton

A

Rock with diamonds

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18
Q

Cyclone

A

rotating counterclockwise winds, low centre pressure

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19
Q

Destructive margin

A

Plates move together , subduction or collisional

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20
Q

Epicentre

A

The first area of land felt by the earthquake

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21
Q

FAF

A

Fatalism
Adaptation
Fear

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22
Q

Fire - creeping

A

A fire spreading slowly with a low flame

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23
Q

Fire - running

A

A fire without control

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24
Q

Flammable

A

Easily set on fire

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25
Q

Focus

A

The point where a hazard directly occurred

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26
Q

Fold mountains

A

Where earths continental plates are pushed together

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27
Q

Geophones

A

A detector that responds to ground vibrations generated by seismic waves

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28
Q

Hazard

A

Something that may cause loss of life + property damage

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29
Q

Hazard perception

A

People seeking hazards as a natural event, not controlled by humans

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30
Q

Hazard zone mapping

A

Provided information for the public about areas which are under great threat and which are safer

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31
Q

Horst and Graben landscape

A

Where earths crust is pulled apart areas of land fall down

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32
Q

Hotspot

A

A large plume of hot mantle material

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33
Q

Hurricane

A

Giant tropical storms, warm water is sucked in

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34
Q

Island arc

A

A line of islands that forms from volcanic activity along a subduction zone ,causing fractures in the plate parallel to the boundary lets magma rise

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35
Q

L wave

A

Earthquakes wave that travels around the earths surface and is usually the 3rd conspicuous wave to reach a seismograph

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36
Q

Lahar

A

Hot and cold mix of water and rock that flows down volcano slopes

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37
Q

Lava

A

Molten rock from a volcano on land

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38
Q

Lava - andesitic (high or low viscosity)

A

High viscosity

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39
Q

Lava - basaltic (low or high in silica)

A

Low in silica, runny

40
Q

Lava - rhyolitic (viscous yes or no)

A

Viscous , thick blocky lava flows

41
Q

Liquefaction

A

Water saturated sediment temporarily loses strength and acts like a liquid due to high shaking

42
Q

Lithosphere

A

Solid , outer part of the earth - crust

43
Q

Magma

A

Molten rock underneath land

44
Q

Magma plume

A

Areas of hot upwelling mantle

45
Q

Mass damper

A

Device in structures to stop buildings collapsing

46
Q

Mercalli scale

A

Measures earthquake intensity on a scale of I to XII

47
Q

Mitigation

A

To reduce the seriousness of a situation

48
Q

Mountain root

A

A rock layer beneath the ground extending as far as 10 to 15x the mountains height

49
Q

Multi-hazard environment

A

More than one hazard e.g. volcano, earthquakes, tropical storms

50
Q

Risk sharing

A

When everyone in a road buys insurance, it lowers the individual price of insurance for each house.

51
Q

A nuée ardente

A

Fast moving cloud of hot gas + ash from a volcano

52
Q

Ocean ridge

A

Where oceanic crusts move appart (constructive)

53
Q

Ocean trench

A

Where two oceanic destructive plates meet , and one is sub-ducted creating a trench

54
Q

Oceanic crust

A

The crust under water

55
Q

P wave

A

The first waves to arrive at a seismograph, solid liquid and gas

56
Q

Pahoehoe

A

Has a smooth surface whilst the lava is moving

57
Q

Palaeomagnetism

A

At constructive margins rock sections are being newly formed (newest in the middle) all the rocks contain different magnetic fields

58
Q

Park model

A

Plots the quality of life after a disaster occurs (against time)

59
Q

Passive margin

A

Transition between oceanic + continental plate

60
Q

Phreatic explosion

A

Steam- driven explosions underneath ground by volcanic activity

61
Q

Plate margin

A

Where the edge of a tectonic plate is

62
Q

Pluton

A

Body of igneous rock, from magma steadily cooling

63
Q

Pyroclastic flow

A

800 degrees C <

Mix of rock fragments , gas + ash that travels rapidly

64
Q

Return interval

A

Average time between events

65
Q

Richter scale

A

Measures earthquakes, exponential scale

66
Q

Ridge push

A

A pushing force that plates experience when they have magma pushing up

67
Q

Rift Valley

A

Flat + low-lying valley that forms at geographical crack/ separation

68
Q

Risk

A

Exposure of people to a hazardous event

69
Q

S wave

A

Lateral waves, side to side (perpendicular) second seismic wave to reach .

70
Q

Saffir- Simpson scale

A

5 point scale of hurricane intensity. Starts at 74mph, 5 scales (5 is the worst)

71
Q

Seismic gap theory

A

Based on the assumption that all parts of a fault move eventually. If an area has been fine for a while soon there will be one

72
Q

Shield volcano

A

Low viscosity lava, spreads from source on gentle slopes

73
Q

Silica

A

SILICA IS STICKY

High silica = thick + sticky
Low silica = runny + smooth

74
Q

Slab pull

A

Pulling force exerted by a plate being sub-ducted

75
Q

Stockpiling

A

Storage location for bulk materials

76
Q

Storm surge

A

Raise in sea level due to force by a storm

77
Q

Subduction

A

Where a plate is forced bellow another

78
Q

Surface deformation

A

Change in earths surface by tectonic forces

79
Q

Tephra

A

Anything thrown into the air during a volcanic eruption

80
Q

The 3 P’s

A

Predict
Prepare
Prevent

81
Q

The Sendai framework

A

Addresses the dimensions of disaster risk In order to prevent new risk + reduce existing risk

82
Q

Transform fault

A

2 plates slide past one another

83
Q

Tropical storm

A

Very powerful low-pressure weather system

84
Q

Tsunami

A

Large wave caused by earthquake bellow water

85
Q

Tuned Mass Damper

A

Moves in opposing direction to seismic hazard waves

86
Q

Typhoon

A

An intense circular storm, originates over warm oceans

87
Q

VEI

A

Volcanic expolsivity index

Based on magnitude + intensity

88
Q

Viscosity

A

Fluids resistance to flowing

89
Q

Volcanic bomb

A

Lump of lava thrown out by an erupting volcano

90
Q

Vulnerability

A

Potential for loss

91
Q

Wind shear

A

A difference in wind speed + direction over a relatively short distance in the atmosphere

92
Q

Perception

A

The way people view the threat which determine their response

93
Q

Antecedent conditions

A

Conditions before the event

94
Q

Conservative margins

A

Plates moving past each other

95
Q

Magnitude

A

How strong the earthquake is

96
Q

Ladder fuels

A

The vegetation that allows fire to spread like fuel

97
Q

Entrapment

A

Where someone is stuck in fire

AQA A-Level Geography 2022-2024 (19 decks)

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