x Micro, 6, Principles of Immunology Flashcards
1
Q
Bacterial Growth
A
LAG: no cell division, getting ready
LOG: Active phase. UP cell div
STATIONARY: plateau
DEATH: dying
2
Q
Antigens
A
- body recognizes them as foreign substances and body makes antibodies in response
- provoke specific response
3
Q
Antibodies
A
soldiers against antigens
-HI molecular weight >100,000 daltons
4
Q
Haptens
A
- LO molec weight
- haptens bond w protein in body to form hapten carriers that induce immune response
(little guy hapten needs to be piked up by carrier protein to be big enough to elicit immune response.
5
Q
Epitopes
A
Antigenic Determinants: chem structure on antigen that body does not recognize as self.
humans recognize each other by face, no face, we don’t know person.
6
Q
Types of Antigens
A
- Autoantigens (self)
- Alloantigen (found in members of same species)
- Heterophile Antigens (identical antigen found in cell of diff species)
7
Q
Bacterial Antigens
A
Somatic: found in cell walls
Capsular: found in bacterial capsule
Flagellar (H): found on flagella
Exotoxins: protein substances that are antigenic
8
Q
2 Major branches of Immune System
A
Antibody-mediated (humoral) (b-lymphocytes)
Cell-mediated (t-lymphocytes)
9
Q
B-cells vs T-cells
A
B-Lymphocytes:
- Human bone marrow
- antibody-mediated (humoral)
- Differentiated to form plasma cells (specialized)
- form memory cells
T-Lymphocytes
- thymus/trachea/thyroid area
- cell mediated immun
10
Q
Lymphocytes made from
A
stem cells in bone marrow
11
Q
Cell mediated Immunity
A
- depends on activity t-lymphocytes
- T-lymphocytes longer life than B-lymphocyted
- T found in same lymphatic tissue as B
- T react w certain antigenic determinants and become immunologically committed.
- part of commitment is conversion to a subset of cells called cytotoxic T-lymphocytes
12
Q
Cytotoxic T-Lymphocytes
A
- toxic to cell
- do NOT make antibodies
- leave lymphatic tissue and enter circulation.
- circulate thru blood, gather at infection site.
13
Q
T-Lymphocytes
A
- secrete lymphokines
- lymphokines are a type of cytokine
- interluekin-1 activates T-lymph causing growth and form clones.
14
Q
Helper T-Lymphocytes
A
encourage B-Lymph to make antibodies
15
Q
Suppressor T-Lymp
A
-Regulate (suppress) immune response so not excessive
16
Q
Natural Killer (NK) cells
A
T-lymph that detect and destroy target cells without being exposed to antigens
17
Q
Delayed hypersensitivity T-lymp
A
fx in hypersensitivity reactions and encourage local tissue inflamm
18
Q
Humoral Immunity
A
Antibody Mediated Immun
- B-lymph activated and differentiated to make plasma cells. make specific antibodies against specific antigens
- antibodies aka Immunoglobulins
- other B-lymph make memory cells (for long term immun)
19
Q
Antibody Structure
A
4 protein chains
- connected by 4 S bonds
- FAB region: outer end that attaches to binding site
-FC (Stem) region: activates complement system and encourage phagocytosis
20
Q
5 classes of Antibodies
A
IgM IgG IgA IgD IgE
(MGADE)
OR GAME D (in order of percentage in serum HI - LO)
21
Q
IgM
A
- Primary response in adults
- first to appear
- formed in fetus
- most reactive
- usually in blood not cells
22
Q
IgG
A
secondary immune response
- most common in blood, also secretions
- crosses PLACENTA
- Natural Passive Imm
- 4 protein/2 bonding sites
23
Q
IgA
A
- in external secretions
- mucous mem respiratory, gi, urogenital
- tears, saliva, bile, urine, colostrum, breast milk
- resists infections at body surface
24
Q
IgD
A
- LO quantities in serum
- found on surface of B-lymph
- antigen receptor
25
IgE
- VERY LO in serum
- allergic reactions
- hypersensitivity reaction
- anaphylactic reactions
- worm infections
26
Primary Antibody Response
- after initial contact w antigen, no antibodies detected for 4-7d
- IgM first appear
- IgG after 10-17d
- antibody titer, amt of antibody in serum
27
Secondary (Repeat) Antibody Response
- weeks/years later
- more rapid than primary
- response
- peaks 2-7 days, lasts many days
- due to B-memory cells
- mostly IgG
28
Antibody Response
```
Day 1: primary initial exposure
Day 7: IgM detected
Day 15: IgG peak
Day 21: second repeat exposure
Day 60: IgG + IgM spike
```
29
some antibodies react with bacterial surface
encourage phagocytosis
30
when antibodies react w virus
virus cannot attach to host cell to replicate
31
what reaction is set off when antibody reacts with antigen?
Complement system, resulting in formation of attack complex and UP phagocytosis
32
Antibody reactions w toxin molecules...
neutralize toxin
33
Complement System
- Classical Pathway: highly specific immune system
| - Alternative pathway: non specific
34
Active Immunity
Body makes it, long lasting, hours to develop
35
Natural Active
body makes from disease
36
Artificial Active
body makes after vaccine
37
Passive Immunity
body received antibodies from outside source
38
Natural Passive
baby from mother
39
Artificial Passive
injection of antibody
40
Attenuated Vaccine
- live, lifelong immunity
| - Sabin Polio, Measles, Mumps, Rubella
41
Inactive Vaccine
- dead microbes
| - Rabies, Flu, Salk Polio, Cholera
42
Subunit and Conjugate Vaccine
- fragments of microbes
| - recombinant HEP B
43
Toxoids
- used when toxins produced by microbes are cause of disease
- inactivating toxin
- Diptheria, Tetanus
44
4 Types of Hypersensitivity Reactions
I: Anaphylactic Hypersensitivity
II: Cytotoxic Hypersen
III: Immune Complex Hyper
IV: Delayed Hyper
I - III: antibodies involved
IV: T-lymphocytes involved
45
4 Types of Hypersensitivity Reactions
I: Anaphylactic Hypersensitivity
II: Cytotoxic Hypersen
III: Immune Complex Hyper
IV: Delayed Hyper
I - III: antibodies involved
IV: T-lymphocytes involved
46
Anaphylactic Reactions
- Immediate, systemic reaction
- 2-30min after expose
- IgE (allergy) antibodies
47
Cytotoxic Reactions
- immediate hypersensitivity
- Involve IgG and IgM an d complement
- complement activation causes destruction of local tissue cells
48
Cytotoxic Reactions
- immediate hypersensitivity
- Involve IgG and IgM an d complement
- complement activation causes destruction of local tissue cells
49
Autoimmune Reactions
antibodies working against body's own cells
- Drug-induced Immune Thrombocytopenia (DIT): Decreased platelets (<100,000), petechiae, hemorrhage
- Agranulocytosis: decreased WBCs (neutrophils), Immunosuppressed
- Hemolytic Anemia: decreased Hgb/Hct, Fatigue
50
Immune Complex Reactions
IgG of IgM antibodies and antigens deposited into wall of blood vessel.
- activate complement system and attracts inflammatory cells (neutrophils)
- enzymes from neutrophils cause damage to endothelial cell of the basement membrane
51
Immune Complex Reactions
IgG of IgM antibodies and antigens deposited into wall of blood vessel.
- activate complement system and attracts inflammatory cells (neutrophils)
- enzymes from neutrophils cause damage to endothelial cell of the basement membrane
52
Cellular Reactions
- Delayed hypersensititivity (1-2 days to develop)
- Tcells involved, secrete cytokines that attract macrophages
- PPD test (read 48-72hrs)
53
Cellular Reactions
- Delayed hypersensititivity (1-2 days to develop)
- Tcells involved, secrete cytokines that attract macrophages
- PPD test (read 48-72hrs)
54
Types of tissue Grafts
- Autograft: own tissue
- Isograft: identical twin tissue
- Allograft: tissue from another person
- Xenotransplantation product: non human tissue
- Graft-versus-host disease: transplanted cells cause cell mediated (t cell) immune response against host tissue.
55
Types of tissue Grafts
- Autograft: own tissue
- Isograft: identical twin tissue
- Allograft: tissue from another person
- Xenotransplantation product: non human tissue
- Graft-versus-host disease: transplanted cells cause cell mediated (t cell) immune response against host tissue.
56
Immune Deficiency Disease
- Congenital : due to mutations
- Latrogenic: immunosuppresive drug
- Selective Bcell immunodeficiency (B lymph): abnormal production of antibod may be result of liver disease, SLE or malignancies. Decreased ability of B Lymp to make antibodies.
57
IgM
5-10% of all antibodies in serum, pentamer structure, responsible for blood transfusion reactions
58
IgA
10-15% of antibodies in serum, most common antibody in mucous membranes, prevents the attachment of microbial pathogens to mucosal surfaces
59
IgE
0.0002% of antibodies in serum, greatly increases during allergic reactions and parasitic infections
60
IgG
80% of all antibodies in serum, can cross placenta to confer passive immunity
61
IgD
0.2% of antibodies in serum, no well-defined function
62
What is it called when IgG antib bind to attachment site of microbe, blocking host site from attaching and carrying out their fx
Neutralization
63
Why are 98% of T cells weeded out?
to prevent cells who can not recognize self-molecules from maturing
64
What do T regulatory cells do?
- protect fetus form rejection by body
- combat autoimmunity by suppressing non recognizing self-molecules.
- protect good bacteria in gut from being removed by immune system
65
Artificially acquired passive immunity
Injection of antibodies
66
Artificially acquired active immunity
vaccines
67
Naturally acquired active immunity
exposure to illness
68
Naturally acquired passive immunity
breast milk / transplacental transfer
69
Type I
Anaphylactic Hypersensitivity
Anaphylaxis occurs
70
Type II
Cytotoxic Hypersensitivity
Complement is activated by IgG or IgM with an antigenic cell, cause of blood transfusion reactions
71
Type III
Immune Complex Hypersensitivity
Caused by IgG, cause glomerulonephritis, cause transient inflammatory reactions
72
Type IV
Delayed Hypersensitivity
Transplant reactions, caused by T cells and cell mediated immune response,
73
I. Anaphalactic
Involve IgE, Mast cells, Basophils
74
II. Cytotoxic
Involve IgG, IgM, Complement, Target cells
75
ELISA
confirmed with Wester Blot
76
IV. Delayed cell mediated
Involve T-cells, Macrophage to kill target cells
77
I. Anaphalactic
* w/in 2-30min after exposure. IgE bind to MAST cells and BASOPHILS filled w mediators.
* Histamine/Prostaglandins - UP mucous, redness, heat
* Leukotrienes - contraction (i.e. asthma), constrict BVess = UP BP
Tx: Epinepherine
*HayFever: Up Resp Sys
Asthma:Lower RS
*8 foods cause 97% allergies (eggs, peanuts, tree nuts, milk, soy, fish, wheat, peas)
78
II. Cytotoxic
* Activation of Complement
* IgG or IgM with Antigenic cells cause lysis of cell (Transfusion)
* Directed against antigen on cells of surface of tissue
79
III. Immune Complex
* involve Antigens/Antibody complex that causes damage to cells
* 2-8hrs: Antib against antigens circulating in blood. Antigens small enough to escape phagocytosis. Complex become trapped under cell = inflammatory tissue. GLOMERULONEPHRITIS
80
IV. Delayed cell mediated
* mainly T-CELLS Sometimes MACROPHAGES
* called delayed because not apparent for a day or so. (ie. allergies to nickel, poison ivy, latex)
* Patch test to determine cause of Type IV
* reactions ONLY happen to those already exposed to antigens
81
AutoImmune Responses
Immune sys loses self tolerance = production of antibody and Tcell
82
Types of AutoImmune Responses
1) Cytotoxic - antib react w cell surface antigen (i .e. Myasthenia Gravis)
2) Immune Complex - deposition of immune complex = tissue damage. Most damage from Lupus in kidneys. (i.e. rheum arthritis,Lupus)
3) Cell mediated: T cell involved. (i.e. MS tcells and macrophage at nerve
s sheath.
83
Mast Cells
filled wth chemical mediators including histamine
84
Gram POS COCCI
- StrePtococci (P - POS) (Streptococcus pneumonaie, Pneumonia)
- StaPhylococci (P-POS)
- Lactococci
- Viridans
- Enterococci
L lactocci
O
V Viridans
E Enterocci
85
Gram POS BACILLI
- Actinomyces
- Bacillus
- Clostridium (Botulism)
- Cornybacterium (DIPTHERIA)
- Listeria
A Actinomyces
B Bacillus
C Clostidium (Clostridium food poison)
C Cornybacterium (DIPTHERIA)
86
Gram NEG COCCI
-Neisseria (NEG)
87
Gram NEG BACILLI
- SalmonELLA
- ShigELLA (Shigellosis)
- KlebsiELLA
- LegionELLA (Legionaire's, Pontiac Fever)
- BordetELLA (Pertussis, Whooping Cough)
- BrucELLA (from animals)
- FrancirELLA
- PasteurELLA
- E.Coli
- Vibrio Cholerae (Cholera)
- Campylobactor
- Helicobacter, Pseudomonas
- Bacteroider, Hemophila, Yerjiiui?
88
Used to treat Pneumocystis pneumonia. Common in AIDS pts.
Pentamidine Isethionate
