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LPN to RN > x Micro, 6, Principles of Immunology > Flashcards

x Micro, 6, Principles of Immunology Flashcards

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1
Q

Bacterial Growth

A

LAG: no cell division, getting ready

LOG: Active phase. UP cell div

STATIONARY: plateau

DEATH: dying

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2
Q

Antigens

A
  • body recognizes them as foreign substances and body makes antibodies in response
  • provoke specific response
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3
Q

Antibodies

A

soldiers against antigens

-HI molecular weight >100,000 daltons

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4
Q

Haptens

A
  • LO molec weight
  • haptens bond w protein in body to form hapten carriers that induce immune response

(little guy hapten needs to be piked up by carrier protein to be big enough to elicit immune response.

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5
Q

Epitopes

A

Antigenic Determinants: chem structure on antigen that body does not recognize as self.

humans recognize each other by face, no face, we don’t know person.

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6
Q

Types of Antigens

A
  • Autoantigens (self)
  • Alloantigen (found in members of same species)
  • Heterophile Antigens (identical antigen found in cell of diff species)
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7
Q

Bacterial Antigens

A

Somatic: found in cell walls

Capsular: found in bacterial capsule

Flagellar (H): found on flagella

Exotoxins: protein substances that are antigenic

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8
Q

2 Major branches of Immune System

A

Antibody-mediated (humoral) (b-lymphocytes)

Cell-mediated (t-lymphocytes)

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9
Q

B-cells vs T-cells

A

B-Lymphocytes:

  • Human bone marrow
  • antibody-mediated (humoral)
  • Differentiated to form plasma cells (specialized)
  • form memory cells

T-Lymphocytes

  • thymus/trachea/thyroid area
  • cell mediated immun
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10
Q

Lymphocytes made from

A

stem cells in bone marrow

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11
Q

Cell mediated Immunity

A
  • depends on activity t-lymphocytes
  • T-lymphocytes longer life than B-lymphocyted
  • T found in same lymphatic tissue as B
  • T react w certain antigenic determinants and become immunologically committed.
  • part of commitment is conversion to a subset of cells called cytotoxic T-lymphocytes
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12
Q

Cytotoxic T-Lymphocytes

A
  • toxic to cell
  • do NOT make antibodies
  • leave lymphatic tissue and enter circulation.
  • circulate thru blood, gather at infection site.
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13
Q

T-Lymphocytes

A
  • secrete lymphokines
  • lymphokines are a type of cytokine
  • interluekin-1 activates T-lymph causing growth and form clones.
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14
Q

Helper T-Lymphocytes

A

encourage B-Lymph to make antibodies

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15
Q

Suppressor T-Lymp

A

-Regulate (suppress) immune response so not excessive

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16
Q

Natural Killer (NK) cells

A

T-lymph that detect and destroy target cells without being exposed to antigens

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17
Q

Delayed hypersensitivity T-lymp

A

fx in hypersensitivity reactions and encourage local tissue inflamm

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18
Q

Humoral Immunity

A

Antibody Mediated Immun
- B-lymph activated and differentiated to make plasma cells. make specific antibodies against specific antigens

  • antibodies aka Immunoglobulins
  • other B-lymph make memory cells (for long term immun)
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19
Q

Antibody Structure

A

4 protein chains

  • connected by 4 S bonds
  • FAB region: outer end that attaches to binding site

-FC (Stem) region: activates complement system and encourage phagocytosis

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20
Q

5 classes of Antibodies

A 
IgM
IgG
IgA
IgD
IgE

(MGADE)

OR GAME D (in order of percentage in serum HI - LO)

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21
Q

IgM

A
  • Primary response in adults
  • first to appear
  • formed in fetus
  • most reactive
  • usually in blood not cells
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22
Q

IgG

A

secondary immune response

  • most common in blood, also secretions
  • crosses PLACENTA
  • Natural Passive Imm
  • 4 protein/2 bonding sites
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23
Q

IgA

A
  • in external secretions
  • mucous mem respiratory, gi, urogenital
  • tears, saliva, bile, urine, colostrum, breast milk
  • resists infections at body surface
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24
Q

IgD

A
  • LO quantities in serum
  • found on surface of B-lymph
  • antigen receptor
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25
Q

IgE

A
  • VERY LO in serum
  • allergic reactions
  • hypersensitivity reaction
  • anaphylactic reactions
  • worm infections
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26
Q

Primary Antibody Response

A
  • after initial contact w antigen, no antibodies detected for 4-7d
  • IgM first appear
  • IgG after 10-17d
  • antibody titer, amt of antibody in serum
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27
Q

Secondary (Repeat) Antibody Response

A
  • weeks/years later
  • more rapid than primary
  • response
  • peaks 2-7 days, lasts many days
  • due to B-memory cells
  • mostly IgG
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28
Q

Antibody Response

A 
Day 1: primary initial exposure
Day 7: IgM detected
Day 15: IgG peak
Day 21: second repeat exposure
Day 60: IgG + IgM spike
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29
Q

some antibodies react with bacterial surface

A

encourage phagocytosis

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30
Q

when antibodies react w virus

A

virus cannot attach to host cell to replicate

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31
Q

what reaction is set off when antibody reacts with antigen?

A

Complement system, resulting in formation of attack complex and UP phagocytosis

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32
Q

Antibody reactions w toxin molecules…

A

neutralize toxin

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33
Q

Complement System

A
  • Classical Pathway: highly specific immune system

- Alternative pathway: non specific

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34
Q

Active Immunity

A

Body makes it, long lasting, hours to develop

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35
Q

Natural Active

A

body makes from disease

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36
Q

Artificial Active

A

body makes after vaccine

37
Q

Passive Immunity

A

body received antibodies from outside source

38
Q

Natural Passive

A

baby from mother

39
Q

Artificial Passive

A

injection of antibody

40
Q

Attenuated Vaccine

A
  • live, lifelong immunity

- Sabin Polio, Measles, Mumps, Rubella

41
Q

Inactive Vaccine

A
  • dead microbes

- Rabies, Flu, Salk Polio, Cholera

42
Q

Subunit and Conjugate Vaccine

A
  • fragments of microbes

- recombinant HEP B

43
Q

Toxoids

A
  • used when toxins produced by microbes are cause of disease
  • inactivating toxin
  • Diptheria, Tetanus
44
Q

4 Types of Hypersensitivity Reactions

A

I: Anaphylactic Hypersensitivity
II: Cytotoxic Hypersen
III: Immune Complex Hyper
IV: Delayed Hyper

I - III: antibodies involved
IV: T-lymphocytes involved

45
Q

4 Types of Hypersensitivity Reactions

A

I: Anaphylactic Hypersensitivity
II: Cytotoxic Hypersen
III: Immune Complex Hyper
IV: Delayed Hyper

I - III: antibodies involved
IV: T-lymphocytes involved

46
Q

Anaphylactic Reactions

A
  • Immediate, systemic reaction
  • 2-30min after expose
  • IgE (allergy) antibodies
47
Q

Cytotoxic Reactions

A
  • immediate hypersensitivity
  • Involve IgG and IgM an d complement
  • complement activation causes destruction of local tissue cells
48
Q

Cytotoxic Reactions

A
  • immediate hypersensitivity
  • Involve IgG and IgM an d complement
  • complement activation causes destruction of local tissue cells
49
Q

Autoimmune Reactions

A

antibodies working against body’s own cells

  • Drug-induced Immune Thrombocytopenia (DIT): Decreased platelets (<100,000), petechiae, hemorrhage
  • Agranulocytosis: decreased WBCs (neutrophils), Immunosuppressed
  • Hemolytic Anemia: decreased Hgb/Hct, Fatigue
50
Q

Immune Complex Reactions

A

IgG of IgM antibodies and antigens deposited into wall of blood vessel.

  • activate complement system and attracts inflammatory cells (neutrophils)
  • enzymes from neutrophils cause damage to endothelial cell of the basement membrane
51
Q

Immune Complex Reactions

A

IgG of IgM antibodies and antigens deposited into wall of blood vessel.

  • activate complement system and attracts inflammatory cells (neutrophils)
  • enzymes from neutrophils cause damage to endothelial cell of the basement membrane
52
Q

Cellular Reactions

A
  • Delayed hypersensititivity (1-2 days to develop)
  • Tcells involved, secrete cytokines that attract macrophages
  • PPD test (read 48-72hrs)
53
Q

Cellular Reactions

A
  • Delayed hypersensititivity (1-2 days to develop)
  • Tcells involved, secrete cytokines that attract macrophages
  • PPD test (read 48-72hrs)
54
Q

Types of tissue Grafts

A
  • Autograft: own tissue
  • Isograft: identical twin tissue
  • Allograft: tissue from another person
  • Xenotransplantation product: non human tissue
  • Graft-versus-host disease: transplanted cells cause cell mediated (t cell) immune response against host tissue.
55
Q

Types of tissue Grafts

A
  • Autograft: own tissue
  • Isograft: identical twin tissue
  • Allograft: tissue from another person
  • Xenotransplantation product: non human tissue
  • Graft-versus-host disease: transplanted cells cause cell mediated (t cell) immune response against host tissue.
56
Q

Immune Deficiency Disease

A
  • Congenital : due to mutations
  • Latrogenic: immunosuppresive drug
  • Selective Bcell immunodeficiency (B lymph): abnormal production of antibod may be result of liver disease, SLE or malignancies. Decreased ability of B Lymp to make antibodies.
57
Q

IgM

A

5-10% of all antibodies in serum, pentamer structure, responsible for blood transfusion reactions

58
Q

IgA

A

10-15% of antibodies in serum, most common antibody in mucous membranes, prevents the attachment of microbial pathogens to mucosal surfaces

59
Q

IgE

A

0.0002% of antibodies in serum, greatly increases during allergic reactions and parasitic infections

60
Q

IgG

A

80% of all antibodies in serum, can cross placenta to confer passive immunity

61
Q

IgD

A

0.2% of antibodies in serum, no well-defined function

62
Q

What is it called when IgG antib bind to attachment site of microbe, blocking host site from attaching and carrying out their fx

A

Neutralization

63
Q

Why are 98% of T cells weeded out?

A

to prevent cells who can not recognize self-molecules from maturing

64
Q

What do T regulatory cells do?

A
  • protect fetus form rejection by body
  • combat autoimmunity by suppressing non recognizing self-molecules.
  • protect good bacteria in gut from being removed by immune system
65
Q

Artificially acquired passive immunity

A

Injection of antibodies

66
Q

Artificially acquired active immunity

A

vaccines

67
Q

Naturally acquired active immunity

A

exposure to illness

68
Q

Naturally acquired passive immunity

A

breast milk / transplacental transfer

69
Q

Type I

A

Anaphylactic Hypersensitivity

Anaphylaxis occurs

70
Q

Type II

A

Cytotoxic Hypersensitivity

Complement is activated by IgG or IgM with an antigenic cell, cause of blood transfusion reactions

71
Q

Type III

A

Immune Complex Hypersensitivity

Caused by IgG, cause glomerulonephritis, cause transient inflammatory reactions

72
Q

Type IV

A

Delayed Hypersensitivity

Transplant reactions, caused by T cells and cell mediated immune response,

73
Q

I. Anaphalactic

A

Involve IgE, Mast cells, Basophils

74
Q

II. Cytotoxic

A

Involve IgG, IgM, Complement, Target cells

75
Q

ELISA

A

confirmed with Wester Blot

76
Q

IV. Delayed cell mediated

A

Involve T-cells, Macrophage to kill target cells

77
Q

I. Anaphalactic

A
  • w/in 2-30min after exposure. IgE bind to MAST cells and BASOPHILS filled w mediators.
  • Histamine/Prostaglandins - UP mucous, redness, heat
  • Leukotrienes - contraction (i.e. asthma), constrict BVess = UP BP

Tx: Epinepherine

*HayFever: Up Resp Sys
Asthma:Lower RS

*8 foods cause 97% allergies (eggs, peanuts, tree nuts, milk, soy, fish, wheat, peas)

78
Q

II. Cytotoxic

A
  • Activation of Complement
  • IgG or IgM with Antigenic cells cause lysis of cell (Transfusion)
  • Directed against antigen on cells of surface of tissue
79
Q

III. Immune Complex

A
  • involve Antigens/Antibody complex that causes damage to cells
  • 2-8hrs: Antib against antigens circulating in blood. Antigens small enough to escape phagocytosis. Complex become trapped under cell = inflammatory tissue. GLOMERULONEPHRITIS
80
Q

IV. Delayed cell mediated

A
  • mainly T-CELLS Sometimes MACROPHAGES
  • called delayed because not apparent for a day or so. (ie. allergies to nickel, poison ivy, latex)
  • Patch test to determine cause of Type IV
  • reactions ONLY happen to those already exposed to antigens
81
Q

AutoImmune Responses

A

Immune sys loses self tolerance = production of antibody and Tcell

82
Q

Types of AutoImmune Responses

A

1) Cytotoxic - antib react w cell surface antigen (i .e. Myasthenia Gravis)
2) Immune Complex - deposition of immune complex = tissue damage. Most damage from Lupus in kidneys. (i.e. rheum arthritis,Lupus)
3) Cell mediated: T cell involved. (i.e. MS tcells and macrophage at nerve
s sheath.

83
Q

Mast Cells

A

filled wth chemical mediators including histamine

84
Q

Gram POS COCCI

A
  • StrePtococci (P - POS) (Streptococcus pneumonaie, Pneumonia)
  • StaPhylococci (P-POS)
  • Lactococci
  • Viridans
  • Enterococci

L lactocci
O
V Viridans
E Enterocci

85
Q

Gram POS BACILLI

A
  • Actinomyces
  • Bacillus
  • Clostridium (Botulism)
  • Cornybacterium (DIPTHERIA)
  • Listeria

A Actinomyces
B Bacillus
C Clostidium (Clostridium food poison)
C Cornybacterium (DIPTHERIA)

86
Q

Gram NEG COCCI

A

-Neisseria (NEG)

87
Q

Gram NEG BACILLI

A
  • SalmonELLA
  • ShigELLA (Shigellosis)
  • KlebsiELLA
  • LegionELLA (Legionaire’s, Pontiac Fever)
  • BordetELLA (Pertussis, Whooping Cough)
  • BrucELLA (from animals)
  • FrancirELLA
  • PasteurELLA
  • E.Coli
  • Vibrio Cholerae (Cholera)
  • Campylobactor
  • Helicobacter, Pseudomonas
  • Bacteroider, Hemophila, Yerjiiui?
88
Q

Used to treat Pneumocystis pneumonia. Common in AIDS pts.

A

Pentamidine Isethionate

LPN to RN (13 decks)

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