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LPN to RN > x Micro, 4, Control of Microorganisms > Flashcards

x Micro, 4, Control of Microorganisms Flashcards

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NCLEX-RN® flashcards
1
Q

Bactericide

A

KILL all bacteria, nothing else

Germicide - kill germs
Virucides - kill virus

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2
Q

Bacteriostatic

A
  • inhibit bacteria growth
  • stops reproduction of bac.
  • controls growth
  • may not kill
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3
Q

Sterilization

A
  • Eliminate ALL microorganisms

- KILL bac, vir, fung, spores

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4
Q

Methods of Sterilization

A

Heat, Chem, Radiation, Pressure, Filtration

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5
Q

Asepsis

A

free of all forms of microorganisms

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6
Q

Disinfection

A

destroying microorganisms on non living objects

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7
Q

Antisepsis

A

antimicrobial substance applied to living tissue/skin to reduce possibility of infection, sepsis or putrefaction.

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8
Q

Sanitation

A

promoting hygiene to prevent human contact with waster.

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9
Q

Antibiosis

A

biological interaction btwn 2 or more orgs that is detrimental to at least one

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10
Q

Drying

A

remove water cells, shrivel, die

foods can be dried by mixing them with salt or sugar.

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11
Q

Lyophilization

A

liquids are quick frozen, then subject to evacuation, which dries material (salted meats, sugared fruit)

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12
Q

TDP (Thermal Death Point)

A

lowest temp when microorgs killed in 10 min.

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13
Q

TDT (Thermal Death Time)

A

minimum amount of time to kill all microorgs at given temp.

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14
Q

DRT (Decimal Reduction Time)

A

amount of time to destroy 90% of microbial population.

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15
Q

Types of HEAT control methods

A
  • DRY HEAT: kill by oxidizing proteins
  • DENATURATION: 3D protein to 2D, breakdown
  • MOIST HEAT: kill in boiling water, most killed in 2-3 min.
  • AUTOCLAVE: high press, steam is superheated for sterilization
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16
Q

Types of PHYS control methods

A
  • Pasteurization
  • Radiation
  • Filtration
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17
Q

Pasteurization

A
  • lower bacterial count in milk, dairy
  • does NOT sterilize
  • kills orgs that cause listeriosis, tuberculosis, burcellosis, typhoid fever, diptheria
  • DENATURES PROTEIN
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18
Q

Radiation

A
  • damages DNA
  • Ionizing radiation (xrays, gamma, electron beams)
  • nonionizing radiation (UV)
  • microwaves kill by heat, not very microbial
19
Q

Filtration

A
  • liquid passed thru screen filter our microorgs
  • vacuum can be used to pull fluids through filter
  • Osmotic Press leads to plasmolysis, cause loss of water from cell, contracting plasma membrane
20
Q

CHEM methods of control

A
  • not intended to sterilize
  • reduce microorgs, remove pathogens
  • best chem kills in shortest time w/out damaging material
21
Q

Action of Microbial Agents

A
  • alteration of membrane permeability (cause bigger ‘holes’ in membrane and weaken cell wall)
  • damage to proteins (can’t survive without them)
  • Damage to nucleic acid (no replication, mutations)
22
Q

Halogens

A
  • Oxidizing agents
  • Iodine (betadine)
  • Chlorine
23
Q

Alchohols

A
  • denature protein, dissolve lipid
  • use against fungi and some enveloped viruses
  • NO EFFECT on bac SPORES
  • 70% ETOH most effective.
24
Q

Phenol

A
  • discovered by Joseph LISTER (Listerene) for disenfection
  • damages cell membrane and inactivates enzymes of microorgs while denaturing protein
  • Lysol (cresols)
  • Hexachlorophene (bisphenols)
25
Q

Heavy Metals

A
  • denature protein
  • Silver (Ag)
  • Silver nitrate in eye of newborns again Neisseria gonorrhea
  • Copper (Cu), shock swimming pools, fish tanks, reservoirs to reduce algae growth
  • Zinc (Zn): Zinc Chloride in mouthwash, Zinc oxide antifungal in pants and for diaper rash
26
Q

Aldehydes & Peroxides

A

Aldehydes: formaldehyde and glutaraldehyde, inactivate proteins by crosslinking functional groups of proteins. Formalin use for embalming

  • Ethylene Oxide: gas to denature proteins
  • Peroxide: hydrogen and benzoys peroxide
27
Q

Soap / Detergents

A
  • decrease surfac tension btwn microorg and surface
  • Soaps: emulsify oily film on body, carry away oil, debris in de-germing action
  • Cationic Detergents: Quaternary ammonium compounds. Dissolve cell membranes of microorgs
28
Q

Phenol coefficient test (PC)

A

used to evaluate effectiveness or antiseptic or disinfectant

PC > 1 = chemi is more effective than phenol

PC < 1 = chem less effective than phenol

29
Q

Antiviral

A
  • inhibit viral growth, NOT KILL
  • decrease viral load
  • specific antiviral drug used for specific virus.
30
Q

Antifungal

A
  • meds used to treat fungal infec.

- work by identifying differences between human and fungal cells to kill organism without harming host.

31
Q

Antiparasitic

A

treat parasite disease i.e. head lice, scabies, trich, vaginalis, nematodes, cestodes, trematodes, infections protozoa, amoebas

32
Q

Who discovered PCN (Penicillin)?

A

Alexander Fleming, 1928

-bactericidal - KILL

33
Q

Types of Abx

A
  • Broad spectrum: wide range of bac (gm neg and pos)
  • Narrow spectrum: specific type of bac
  • Superinfection: secondary infection after primary infection is killed
34
Q

Alcohols have NO effect on

A
  • Bacterial Spores

- non enveloped viruses

35
Q

The most effective wavelength for microorganisms

A

260nm

36
Q

Shorter Wavelength =

A

higher energy

37
Q

How do Abx work?

A
  • inhibit cell wall synthesis
  • Inhibit protein synthesis
  • injure plasma membrane
38
Q

Types of Abx

A

Bacteriostatic: slow growth of bac. by:

  • inhibit DNA replication
  • interfere with metabolism
  • inhibit protein synthesis

Bactericidal: kill bacteria by
-prevents cell wall synthesis

39
Q

Do Viruses have cell walls?

A

NO, that’s why abx that affect cell wall can not kill viruses.

40
Q

Vancomycin

A

inhibit cell wall synthesis

41
Q

Acyclovir

A

inhibit DNA or RNA synthesis

42
Q

Tetracycline

A

inhibit protein synthesis

43
Q

Sulfonamides

A

inhibit synthesis of metabolites

LPN to RN (13 decks)

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