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LPN to RN > x A&P 1/2 (1-5) > Flashcards

x A&P 1/2 (1-5) Flashcards

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1
Q

Anatomy

A

study and structure of body parts and their relationship to one another

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2
Q

Physiology

A

study of the function of body’s structural machinery

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3
Q

Cytology

A

study of the cell

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4
Q

Histology

A

study of tissues

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5
Q

Embryology

A

study of developmental changes of the body before birth

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6
Q

Pathological anatomy

A

study of structural changes caused by disease

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7
Q

Molecular Biology

A

study of anatomical structures at sub cellular level

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8
Q

Principle of Complementarity

A

-function always reflects structure -what a structure can do, depends on it’s specific form

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9
Q

Anatomical Position

A

Body erect, feet slight apart, palm facing forwards, thumbs point away from body

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10
Q

Superior (cranial) /Inferior (caudal)

A

towards/away from head

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11
Q

Anterior (Ventral) /Posterior (Dorsal)

A

front/back of body

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12
Q

Medial/Lateral/Intermediate

A

toward mid-line/away from mid-line/btwn a more medial and lateral structure

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13
Q

Proximal/Distal

A

closer to/farther from origin of body part

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14
Q

Regional Terms: Anterior View

A

pg 18

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15
Q

Pic: Body Planes:

A

Pg 21

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16
Q

Sagittal Plane

A

divide body into R and L

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17
Q

Midsagittal / Medial

A

sagittal plane that lies on the midline

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18
Q

Frontal / Coronal Plane

A

divides body into Anterior/Posterior

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19
Q

Transverse / Horizontal Plane

A

divides body into superior / inferior (cross section)

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20
Q

Oblique Section

A

cuts made diagonally

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21
Q

Dextracardia

A

Heart on right side (Dextra = Right) (Sinister = Left)

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22
Q

Dorsal cavity protects

A

nervous system (Dorsal=back)

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23
Q

Dorsal Cavity (2 parts)

A

Cranial cavity = within skull (encases brain) Vertebral cavity = runs w vertebral column (encases SC)

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24
Q

Ventral Cavity houses

A

the internal organs (viscera) (Ventral=front)

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25
Q

Ventral Cavity (2 parts)

A

-Thoracic -Abdominal -Pelvic (Abdominopelvic)

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26
Q

What is the chief respiratory muscle?

A

Diaphragm

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27
Q

Abdominal Cavity houses

A

digestive viscera (stomach, intestine, spleen, liver and other organs)

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28
Q

Pelvic cavity houses

A

bladder, repro organs, rectum

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29
Q

* What cavity is the heart in?

A

usually Thoracic. However, in Hypertrophy of R Ventricle, there is an INC in size and heart enters abdominal cavity. Usually in females during pregnancy

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30
Q

Thoracic Cavity contains

A

Heart and Lungs

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31
Q

Thoracic Cavity (parts), pg 25

A

-Mediastinum -Pleural Cavity (2, each houses one lung) -Pericardial cav w mediastinum (enclose heart)

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32
Q

Latin words mean: -Hepar -Lien -Ren -Nephro (greek) -Gaster -Ventricular (greek)

A

-Hepar = Liver (hepatitis) -Lien = Spleen -Ren = kidney -Nephro (greek) kidney -Gaster = stomach -Ventricular (greek) = stomach

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33
Q

Mediastinum - 3 Parts

A

pericardial cavity, surrounds remaining thoracic organs -Superior -Middle -Inferior

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34
Q

How much fluid in Pleural Cavities

A

10-15ml. Purpose to prevent friction of lung membranes. If there is a pleural friction rub, indicates Hydrothorax. fluid in pleural cavity

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35
Q

Pleural membrane covers the….

A

lungs

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36
Q

Pericardium covers the….

A

heart

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37
Q

* Where is the heart located?

A

IN the thoracic cavity, in Middle Mediastinum

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38
Q

Pneumothorax

A

air in pleural cavity

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39
Q

Hemothorax

A

blood in pleaurla cavity

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40
Q

Ventral Cavity Membranes

A

-Parietal Serosa (lines internal body walls, outer layer balloon) -Visceral Serosa (covers organs, inner layer) -Serous fluid separates the serosae

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41
Q

* Cardiac Tamponade

A

Compression of the heart caused by fluid collecting in the sac surrounding the heart.

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42
Q

Abdominopelvic Regions

A

p 33 condriac = cartilage

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43
Q

Organs of Abdominopelvic region,…

A

pg 34

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44
Q

Abdominal Quadrants (4)

A

Right Upper (RUQ) Left Upper (LUQ) Right Lower (RLQ) Left Lower (LLQ)

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45
Q

Abdominal Regions (9)

A

.Right Hypochondriac Region .Epigastric Region .Left Hypochondriac Region .Right Lumbar Region .Umbilical Region .Left Lumbar Region .Right Iliac (inguinal) Region .Hypogastric (Pubic) Region .Left Iliac (Inguinal) Region

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46
Q

4 Types of Tissue

A

-Epithelial -Smooth Muscle -Connective Tissue -Nerve

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47
Q

Major source of Vit D

A

through skin. Milk - Vit D - D1 - Liver (D2) - Kidney (D3, activated form)

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48
Q

What is the activated form of Vit D

A

D3, reliant upon kidneys to convert from Liver’s D2.

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49
Q

Hematopoiesis

A

-formation of blood cells -All blood cells start off as hematopoietic stem cells, and then specialize (differentiate) into myeloid cells (erythrocytes, megakaryocytes, monocytes, neutrophils, basophils, or eosinophils) or lymphoid cells (T-lymphocytes and B-lymphocytes).

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50
Q

Skeletal Sytem Facts

A

-made of bone, cartilage, ligaments -protect/support body organs -framework for muscles -site of blood formation -stores minerals

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51
Q

Fracture of long bone increases risk of….

A

fat embolism

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52
Q

95% of hematopoesis takes place in the….

A

sternum (95% of marrow is yellow, fatty)

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53
Q

Muscular System facts…

A

muscles/tendons -produce heat -locomotion -posture

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54
Q

Glucose storage (3 places)

A

-skeletal muscle -liver -RBCs

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55
Q

3 types of muscle

A

-skeletal -smooth -cardiac

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56
Q

Nervous system facts….

A

(brain/SC/nerves) -fast acting control system of body -responds to stimuli by activating muscles/glands

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57
Q

Cardiovascular System facts….

A

heart/blood vessels -heart pumps blood -blood vessels transport blood thru body

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58
Q

Lymphatic System facts…

A

(red bone marrow, thymus, spleen, lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels) -returns leaked fluid to blood -disposes debris in lymphatic system -houses WBCs involved w immunity

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59
Q

Central Lymphoid System…

A

Thymus and Bone marrow (immature cells mature)

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60
Q

Peripheral Lymphoid System….

A

spleen, lymph nodes, tonsils, appendix, (initiate adaptive immune response)

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61
Q

Respiratory Sytem facts…

A

(nasal cavity, pharynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs)

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62
Q

Digestive System facts…

A

(oral cavity,esophagus, stomach, small/large intestine,rectum, anus, LIVER) -breaks down food to absorbable units -eliminates indigestible as feces

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63
Q

Urinary System facts…

A

(kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra) -eliminates nitrogenous waste -regulate H2O, electrolytes and pH balance of blood

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64
Q

what is relationship between kidney and Vit D

A

creates activated Vit D3

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65
Q

Kidney Functions

A

-eliminates N waste (Filtration) -activation of Vit D3 -creation of erythropoietin, hormone to produce RBCs Filtration, Reabsorption, Secretion

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66
Q

the 3 interdependent components of control mechanisms…

A

.Receptor: monitor envt, respond to changes/stimuli .Control Center: determines set point at which variable is maintained. .Effector: means to respond to stimuli

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67
Q

Negative Feedback

A

-the output shuts off the original stimulus (i.e. regulation of temp) -controls 99% of organ systems

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68
Q

Positive Feedback

A

-output enhances or exaggerates the original stimulus (i.e. regulation of blood clotting)

69
Q

2 Types of Cells

A

-Eukaryotic (w nucleus): present in human, plant, animal -Prokaryotic (no nucleus): present in bacteria only

70
Q

Who discovered the cell?

A

-Robert Hooke -cell is the smallest unit capable of performing life functions

71
Q

Type of cells

A

about 200 types, categorized by shape. -squamous: thin, flat, covers surface (skin) epithelial -cuboidal: cubed (liver) epithelial -columnar: columnar (intestines) epithelial -sheroid: egg (fat cells) -fusiform: thick, tapered (smooth muscle) -stellate: start (nerve)

72
Q

Pic of cells

A

pg 69/70 eukaryotic, prokaryotic

73
Q

Cristeae

A

zig zag structure in mitochondria. site production of ATP 1 mol glucose = 32 mol ATP

74
Q

1 molecule Glucose = ? ATP

A

32 molecules of ATP

75
Q

Ribosomes

A

-synthesis of proteins -each cell contains thousands -found in rough ER and in cytoplasm

76
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum (2 types)

A

.smooth - helps detox (synthesize steroids, lipids) .rough - protein synthesis (ribosomes embedded within)

77
Q

Integral Proteins

A

pass along plasma membrane Functions: Receptors Enzymes Channel Proteins (doors, allow H2O passage) Carriers (pumps) transport mol to cells

78
Q

2 types of Carriers (pumps)

A

Na Pump: takes Na outside K pump: brings K in Pumps need ATP to work: ACTIVE Transport

79
Q

Glycocalyx

A

-hair like layer external to plasma membrane -enables body to distinguish own cells w intruders

80
Q

Passive Transport

A

Filtration, Diffusion, Osmosis

81
Q

Active Transport

A

Vesicular transport

82
Q

Endocytosis

A

bring matter into a cell

83
Q

Exocytosis

A

release matter from a cell

84
Q

Pinocytosis

A

drinking a cell

85
Q

Phagocytosis

A

eating a cell

86
Q

How many pair of chromosomes in houman

A

-46. 23 from mom, 23 from dad. -44 are autosomes -2 are sex chromosomes -Autosomal disease: involve any but the 2 sex hormones

87
Q

Nucleolus

A

-inside nucleus -contains RNA (synthesis of proteins) to build proteins

88
Q

What else has 46 chormosomes

A

Pigs, Dorsal Flies

89
Q

3 types of RNA

A

M-Rna (messenger) T-Rna (transport) R-Rna (Ribosomes, synthesis of proteins)

90
Q

Mitochondria

A

power house of cell -controls H2O levels in cell -recycles/decompose fats, proteins, carbs

91
Q

Golgi Body

A

packaging plant package proteins, remove waste

92
Q

Centrioles

A

used in mitosis -bunch of microtubules that combine to for a centrosome

93
Q

4 stages of Mitosis

A

somatic cells only (other than repro organs) -Prophase: condensing of chromatin fibers -Metaphase: chromotid fibers line up -Anaphase:centromeres joining the chromatids split and move to opposite sides of cell -Telophase: nuclei appear around two new sets of chromosomes

94
Q

Meiosis

A

in gametes (sex organs)

95
Q

3 Major Functions of Epithelial Tissue

A

-secretion (mucous, IgAS) -absorption (through intestines) -protection (skin, cavity lining)

96
Q

5 Types of Immunoglobulins

A

A (IgAg), D, E, G, M

97
Q

Epithelia (simple squamous)

A

diffusion/filtration (kidney glomeruli, lining heart, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, serosae)

98
Q

Epithelia (simple cuboidal)

A

secretion/absorption kidney tubules, ducts, secretory portions of small glands, ovary surface

99
Q

Epithelia (simple columnar)

A

non ciliated: line digestive track, gall bladder ciliated: line small bronchi, uterine tubes, parts uterus

100
Q

Epithelia (pseudostratified columnar)

A

single layer of cells w diff heights. -propulsion of mucus, secretion -in male sperm

101
Q

Epithelia (stratified squamous)

A

thick membrane, several layers -epidermis (keratinized cells) -lining of esophagus, mouth, vagine (non keratinized)

102
Q

Types of Glands

A

Exocrine: produce enzymes, more numerous, secrete onto body surface or in body cavities (mucous, sweat, oil, salivary glands) Endocrine: ductless glands that produce hormones. secretions include amino acids, proteins, glycoproteins, steroids

103
Q

Is the Pancreas and Endo or Exocrine gland?

A

BOTH Endocrine: hormone insulin Exocrine: enzymes for digestion

104
Q

Modes of Secretion

A

Merocrine: secreted by exocytosis (inside to OUT, pancreas, sweat, salivary glands) Holocrine: secreted by rupture of gland (sebaceous gland)

105
Q

Regional Terms: Posterior View

A
106
Q

Where is connective tissue found?

A

.found throught body

.rich in blood supply

.cells scattered thoughtout an intracellular matrix of protein fibers

107
Q

Type of Connective Tissue

A
  • Connective Tissue Proper
  • Cartilage
  • bone
  • blood
108
Q

2 Types of Cells

A

BLASTS - immature cells. high cell division, responsible for making the matrix

Fibroblasts abundant in Conn tissue

CYTE- mature cells. matured blasts that keep matrix together

109
Q

?Relationship btwn Conn Tissue and Inflammation?

A

signicficant in inflammation. CT is rich in Fibroblasts. Fibroblasts responsible for production of collagen and wound healing

110
Q

Function of Connective Tissue

A
  • bindint=g/support
  • protection
  • insulation
  • transportation
111
Q

Characteristics of CT

A

Mesenchyme - common tissue of origin. a loosely organized, mainly mesodermal embryonic tissue that develops into connective and skeletal tissues, including blood and lymph. (embryo, fetus)

Parenchymal - main cells of the organ that perform the main functions.

i.e. Liver has Hepatocytes. Hepatocytes perform main function in liver. They are Parenchymal cells. The arteries, veins (supporting parts) are Mesenchymal.

112
Q

Structural Elements of Connective Tissue

A

-Ground Substance: unstructured matieral tha fills space btwn cells

  • Fibers: collagen (fibraoblasts), elastic or reticular
  • Cells: fibroblasts, chondroblasts, osteoblast, hematopoietic stem cells
113
Q

Types of cells in Connective Tissue

A

-Fibroblasts: main function to produce collagen (CT proper)

-Mast Cells: vital role in inflamation. produce mediators (chemical) of inflammation. Histamine. Other types of cells produce mediators as well.

  • Chrondroblasts - cartilage
  • Osteoblasts (immature bone cells)
  • Leukocytes (hemopoeisis), Plasma cells, macrophages
  • Adipose
114
Q

Production of Collagen

A

Vit C and Proilne (amino acid)

115
Q

Histamine produced by

A

produced by basophils and by mast cells found in nearby connective tissues. Histamine increases the permeability of the capillaries to white blood cells and some proteins, to allow them to engage pathogens in the infected tissues.

116
Q

Ground Substance

A

Element in Connective Tissue

  • Interstitial fluid
  • Proteoglycans - glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)
  • molecular seive, nutrients diffuse btwn blood capillaries and cells
  • Hyalurinoc Acid - slippery, gel like, lubricate joints, eye shaped
  • Chondroitin sulfate - support in cartilge, bone, skin, b vessels
  • Dermatan sulfate - skin, tendons, heart valves
  • Keratin Sulfate: cornea, bone cartilage
117
Q

Types of Fibers

A

Collagen: touch, high tensile strength

Elastic: long, thin allow for stretch

Reticular - branched, delicate network

118
Q

Loose Connective Tissue

A

Areolar, Adipose, Reticular (bone marrow)

fill gaps between organs

119
Q

Dense Connective Tissue

A

-Dense Regular, Dense Irregular, Elastic

120
Q

CT Proper: Loose: Areolar

A

Areolar CT

  • gel like matrix with all 3 ct fibers
  • firbroblasts, macrophages, mast cells, some WBC
  • wraps and cushions organs
  • widely distributed through body

-

121
Q

CT Proper: Loose: Adipose

A
  • similar to areolar w closely packed adipocytes
  • reserves food stores, insulates heat loss, support, protects
  • under skin, around kidneys, in abdomen and breasts
  • local fat deposit serve nurtient needs of active organizms
122
Q

CT Proper: Loose: Reticular

A
  • loose ground substance w reficular fibers
  • reticular cells lie in fiber network
  • forms soft internal skeleton, support other cell types
  • in lymph nodes, bone marrow, spleen
123
Q

CT Proper: Dense: Regular

A
  • parallel collaged fibers w few elastic fibers
  • major cell type FIBROBLASTS (produce collagen)
  • attaches muscle to bone or other muscles and bone to bone
  • in tendons (muscle - bone), ligaments (connect 2 small joints), aponerosis (broad)

Achilles tendon: strongest tendon in body

124
Q

Apponeurosis

A

a sheet of pearly-white fibrous tissue that takes the place of a tendon in sheetlike muscles having a wide area of attachment.

(line alba, dypoid process - pubic bone, white tissue)

125
Q

CT Proper: Dense Irregular

A

.-irregularly arranged collagen fibers w some elastic fibers

  • major cells FIBROBLASTS
  • withstands tension in many directions (structural strength)
  • in dermis, submucosa of digestive tract, fibrous organ capsules (i.e. thymus)
126
Q

Type of Cartiage

A

Hyaline

d

d

127
Q

Hyaline Cartilage

A
  • most abundant, weakest
  • Chondrocytes lie in lacunae
  • support, reinforce, cushion, resist compression, reduce friction
  • forms costal carilage
  • in embryonic skeleton, end of long bones, nose, trachea, larynx
  • provides smooth surface for mvmt at joints
128
Q

Elastic Cartilage

A
  • similar to hyaline, but more elastic fibers
  • maintain shape, structure and allow flexibility
  • supports external ear (pinna)
129
Q

Fibrocartilage

A
  • similar to hyaline but less firm w thick collagen fibers
  • tensile strenght and absorbs compression shock
  • in intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis, knee joint
130
Q

Bone (Osseous tissue)

A
  • hard, calcified matrix w collagen fibers
  • osteocytes found in lacunae adn well vascularized
  • supports, protects, levers for muscular action
  • stores Ca, Minerals, Fat
  • marrow is site of hematopoiesis
131
Q

CT: Blood

A
  • red, white cells in fluid matrix (plasma)
  • within blood vessels
  • transport of respiratory gases, nutrients, wastes
132
Q

Nervous Tissue

A
  • branched nuerons w long cellular proecsses and support cells
  • transmit electrical signals from sensory receptors to effecctors
  • in brain, SC, peripheral nerves
133
Q

Muscle Tissue: Skeletal

A
  • long cylindrical, multinucleate cells w obvious striations.
  • voluntary mvmt
  • in skeletal muscles that attach to bones or skin
  • Skeleton, tongue, diaphragm, outer anus spinchter, outer urethra spincter
134
Q

Muscle Tissue: Cardiac

A
  • branching, striated, uninucleate cells, interlocking at intercalated discs
  • propels blook into circulation
  • in heart walls
135
Q

Muscle Tissue: Smooth

A

.-

136
Q

Causes of Inflammation characterized by

A
  • dilations of BVs (in order to increase blood flow to site of injury)
  • increase in vessel permeability
  • redness, heat, swelling and pain
  • Initial step in healing process
137
Q

Pyrogen

A

chem mediator released by bacteria in body. Pyrogen UP temp, by acting on Hypothalmus.

138
Q

Tissue Repair: 2 results

A
  • organization and restore blood supply
  • blood clot replaced by granulation tissue
  • regeneratoin & fibrosis (scar tissue, harder conn tiss)
    1) Scar 2) Cure (fully regenerated epithelium w underlying scar tissue)
139
Q

What are the 3 primary germ layers?

A

3 layers formed early in embryolnic development.

  • Ectoderm (outermost layer, nervous tissue)
  • mesoderm (middle layer, bone/muscle)
  • endoderm (innermost layer, disgestive and respiratory sys)
140
Q

What layer does nerve tissue arise from?

A

Ectoderm (outermost germ layer, nervous tissue)

141
Q

Epithelial tissue arise from which layer?

A

all three.

  • Ectoderm (nervous)
  • Mesoderm (bone, muscle, connect tissue, endothelium, mesothelium)
  • Endoderm (digestive)
142
Q

Chemistry

A

Chemistry

143
Q

Matter

A

anything that has mass.

144
Q

3 states of Mass

A

solid, liquid, gas

145
Q

Energy, Types

A

the capacity to do work.

Kinetic (energy in action)

Potential (energy of position, stored)

146
Q

Forms of Energy

A
  • Chemical (stored in bonds of chem substances)
  • Electrical (resulting from mvmt of charged particles)
  • Mechanical (directyl involved in moving matter)
  • Radiant/Eletromagnetic (energy travelling in waves, light)
147
Q

Elements

A

unique substances that cannot be broken down by ordinary checmical means

148
Q

Atoms

A

building blocks, smallest particle

149
Q

Major elements in Human Body

A

Oxygen, O

Carbon, C

Hydrogen, H

Nitrogen, N

150
Q

Ca

A

Calcium

-bone strength, clotting, contractoin of muscle

151
Q

P

A

Phosphorus

Bone

152
Q

K

A

Potassium

-relaxation of all types of muscles

153
Q

S

A

Sulfur

154
Q

Na

A

Sodium

-skeletal muscles

.if kidney not working, pt die of UP K. Heart not pumping due to too much K.

155
Q

Cl

A

Chlorine

-relaxation of musles

(anti epileptic drugs activate Cl in body to relax muscles.)

156
Q

Mg

A

Magnesium

-relaxation. Eclampsia, Mg best treatment to relax muscles. Dilate vessels, LO BP

157
Q

I

A

Iodine

-thyroid, UP mental activity of brain intelligence

158
Q

Nootropil (piracetam)

A

Nootropil tablets and oral solution both contain the active ingredient piracetam. This is a medicine that is used to control twitching and jerking of the muscles.

159
Q

Atomic #

A

of protons

160
Q

Mass #

A

protons and neutrons

161
Q

Atomic Weight

A

isotopes

162
Q

Isotope

A

atoms with the same number of protons but different number of neutrons

163
Q

Radioisotopes

A

atoms that undergo spontaneous decay called radioactivity

164
Q

Molecule

A

two or more atoms held together by chemical bond

165
Q

1 mole

A

atomic or molecular weight in grams

166
Q

Types of Bonds

A

Ionic (charged due to gain/loss of an e)

Covalent ( )

Hydrogen ( )

167
Q

Ions

A

Anions have gained one or more e

Cations have lost one or more e

168
Q

p 185 and rest. Chem

A

Chem

LPN to RN (13 decks)

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