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Embryology > x exam 2 cardiovascular development > Flashcards

x exam 2 cardiovascular development Flashcards

1
Q

cardiogenic area or plate is made from

A

cranial end of early embryonic disc; from mesoderm

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2
Q

cardiogenic area is forms _______ as body folding occurs

A

left and right primitive heart tubes

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3
Q

head and tail folds give embryo

A

C shape

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4
Q

lateral body folds give embryo

A

sides

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5
Q

as body folding occurs, right and left endocardial tubes do what

A

fuse

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6
Q

folding pushes the entire cardiogenic area ________ in the region of the caudal neck and cranial thorax

A

ventral body surface

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7
Q

what are the 3 layers of the primitve heart tube

A

endocardium (lines inside spaces_
myocardium (cardiac muscle tissue)
epicardium or visceral pericardium (surrounds outside)

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8
Q

space or pocket in mesoderm ventral to primitive heart is the

A

pericardial cavity

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9
Q

mesoderm sheet

A

dorsal mesocardium supsends primitive heart tube in pericardial cavity

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10
Q

when do blood vessels form

A

at the same time the primitive heart tube is forming and elongate to establish circulation

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11
Q

blood vessesl begin as

A

blood islands

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12
Q

vasculogenesis

A

blood islands organize into vessels

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13
Q

where do the blood vessels form

A

in mesoderm of embryo and in splanchnic mesoderm of yolk sac

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14
Q

angiogenesis

A

established vessels sprout toward a target

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15
Q

vessels attach to

A

either end of heart tube

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16
Q

inflow vessels are

A

venous (right and left sinus venosus)

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17
Q

outflow vessels are

A

arterial ends (right and left atria)

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18
Q

once vessels are established, what can begin

A

heart beat and circulation begins

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19
Q

bulboventricle is composed of

A

ventricle and bulbus cordis

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20
Q

truncus arteriosus is

A

outflow arteries (right and left aortic arches)

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21
Q

rapid, differential growth of heart tube forces it to loop or bend to bring precursors of definitive heart chambers to approximate final positions causing

A

displacing the primitive ventricle ventrally

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22
Q

what happens to dorsal mesocardium

A

degenerates

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23
Q

what happens to bulboventricle

A

enlarges, sinus venosus shifts right (inflow to right atrium)

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24
Q

what happens to common atrium

A

enlarges and shifts dorsally

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25
Q

what regions enlarge and what regions stay narrow

A

region of primitive atrium and primitive ventricle enlarge while connecting area stays narrow

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26
Q

what is the common, constricted region at junction between primitive atrium and bulboventricle

A

atrioventricular canal

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27
Q

primitive atrium

A

single chamber, enlarges to left and right

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28
Q

artioventricular canal partitions

A

seprate left and right atrioventricular canals

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29
Q

two masses (dorsal and ventral) of mesoderm form known as

A

endocardial cushions

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30
Q

dorsal and ventral endocardial cushions do what

A

grow toward eachother and fuse

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31
Q

separate

A

left and right atrioventricular canals

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32
Q

separation of common atrium takes _____

A

2 septa (primary and secondary)

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33
Q

septum primum grows from

A

wall about the middle of common primitive atrium to endocardial cushion

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34
Q

foramen primum

A

free edge of septum primum defines openeing

35
Q

foramen primum is _____ opening

36
Q

when does the foramen primum close

A

when septum primum fuses with endocardial cushions

37
Q

a second opening forms in the septum primum (before foramen primum closes) called the

A

foramen (ostium) secundum; programmed cell death

38
Q

septum secundum forms to ____ of septum primum and grows towards _____

A

right; grows towards endocardial cushions

39
Q

free edge of septum secundum defines opening called

A

foramen ovale (gap at junction of with endocardial cushion)

40
Q

septum secundum persists as

A

interatrial wall

41
Q

septum primum perists in its position next to septum secundum with portion over foramen ovale becoming the

A

valve of the foramen ovale

42
Q

separation of left and right atria establish ______

A

left and right atrioventricular orififces

43
Q

development of what follows

A

right and left AV valves

44
Q

how do the separate atria form

A

endocardial cuhsions grow toward each other and fuse

45
Q

inflow end of primitive heart tube is the

A

sinus venosus

46
Q

sinus venosus is composed of

A

equal sized left and right horns of sinus venosus

47
Q

_______ between sinus venosus and primitive atrium

A

weide opening

48
Q

sinus venosus recieves blood from

A

developing embryo/fetal body and umbilical vein

49
Q

_____ horn loses importance and ____ horn dominates

A

left; right

50
Q

opening of sinus venosus shifts to ___ side of heart tube (as atria are separating into r and l)

51
Q

right horn maintained as

A

inflow area to right atrium

52
Q

left horn becomes

A

smaller coronary sinus and great cardiac vein of heart

53
Q

as development progresses, right horn of sinus venosus incorporated into

A

wall of right atrium

54
Q

right horn of sinus venosus becomes

A

smooth wall of sinus venarum

55
Q

primitive right atrium becomes

A

auricle with pectinate muscle

56
Q

junction sinus venosus and primitive right atrium ecomes

A

crista terminalis

57
Q

pulmonary veins develop as

A

independent outgrowths of left atrium

58
Q

single vein grows out from left atrium and branches to

A

both lungs as they form

59
Q

left atrium enlarges incorporating

A

proxmal part of single pulmonary vein past the point where it branches (single open to multiple openings)

60
Q

common outflow arterial tube is the

A

truncus arteriosus

61
Q

truncus arteriosus connnects _____ to major arteries

A

bulbus cordis

62
Q

two opposing ridges appear in

A

truncus arteriosus and bulbus cordis

63
Q

ridges grow in _____ from _____

A

180 degree spiral from proximal to distal

64
Q

ridges grow toward ______ and ____

A

eachother; fuse into the aorticopullmonary or spiral septum

65
Q

aorticopulmonary or spiral septum divides what

A

truncus arteriosus/bulbus cordis into aorta and pulmonary trunk

66
Q

spiral nature of aorticopullmonary septum means

A

pulmonary trunk twists around aorta

67
Q

spiral essential to

A

interconnnect pulmonary and systemic circuits

68
Q

interventricular septum grows from

A

ventral part of primitive, common ventricle (apex of heart) toward endocardial cushions

69
Q

since primitive ventricle is muscular

A

muscular portion of interventricular septum

70
Q

opening defined by free edge is the

A

interventricular foramen

71
Q

interventricular foramen eventually closed by

A

the thinner membranous portion of interventricular septum

72
Q

derived from cells of

A

endocardial cushin, aorticopulmonary (spiral) septum and muscular interventricular septum

73
Q

aortic and pulmonary valves arise from

A

3 swellings of mesenchyme deep to endothelium at origin of aorta and pulmonary trunk

74
Q

________ cells migrate into developing and contribute to

A

formation of cardiac valves

75
Q

swellings hollow out to form

76
Q

valves are a fold of endothelial tissue with ______ core

77
Q

left and right atrioventricular valves arise from

A

swellings of mesenchyme at junction of atria and ventricles where common atrioventricular canal was divided into left and right by endocardial cushions

78
Q

cavitation of muscle beneath

A

(ventricle side) mesodermal swellings and remodeling of swellings

79
Q

creates

A

cusp shape and placement

80
Q

leaves behind chordae tendinae which are

A

remnants of cavitated muscle tissue replaced with collagenous connective tissue

81
Q

some muscle not removed remains as

A

papillary muscles securing chordae tendinae to ventricular wall

82
Q

left AV valve ____ cusps

83
Q

right AV valve ___ cusps

Embryology (18 decks)

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