x exam 2 cardiovascular development

Question 1

cardiogenic area or plate is made from

Answer 1

cranial end of early embryonic disc; from mesoderm

Question 2

cardiogenic area is forms _______ as body folding occurs

Answer 2

left and right primitive heart tubes

Question 3

head and tail folds give embryo

Answer 3

C shape

Question 4

lateral body folds give embryo

Answer 4

sides

Question 5

as body folding occurs, right and left endocardial tubes do what

Answer 5

fuse

Question 6

folding pushes the entire cardiogenic area ________ in the region of the caudal neck and cranial thorax

Answer 6

ventral body surface

Question 7

what are the 3 layers of the primitve heart tube

Answer 7

endocardium (lines inside spaces_
myocardium (cardiac muscle tissue)
epicardium or visceral pericardium (surrounds outside)

Question 8

space or pocket in mesoderm ventral to primitive heart is the

Answer 8

pericardial cavity

Question 9

mesoderm sheet

Answer 9

dorsal mesocardium supsends primitive heart tube in pericardial cavity

Question 10

when do blood vessels form

Answer 10

at the same time the primitive heart tube is forming and elongate to establish circulation

Question 11

blood vessesl begin as

Answer 11

blood islands

Question 12

vasculogenesis

Answer 12

blood islands organize into vessels

Question 13

where do the blood vessels form

Answer 13

in mesoderm of embryo and in splanchnic mesoderm of yolk sac

Question 14

angiogenesis

Answer 14

established vessels sprout toward a target

Question 15

vessels attach to

Answer 15

either end of heart tube

Question 16

inflow vessels are

Answer 16

venous (right and left sinus venosus)

Question 17

outflow vessels are

Answer 17

arterial ends (right and left atria)

Question 18

once vessels are established, what can begin

Answer 18

heart beat and circulation begins

Question 19

bulboventricle is composed of

Answer 19

ventricle and bulbus cordis

Question 20

truncus arteriosus is

Answer 20

outflow arteries (right and left aortic arches)

Question 21

rapid, differential growth of heart tube forces it to loop or bend to bring precursors of definitive heart chambers to approximate final positions causing

Answer 21

displacing the primitive ventricle ventrally

Question 22

what happens to dorsal mesocardium

Answer 22

degenerates

Question 23

what happens to bulboventricle

Answer 23

enlarges, sinus venosus shifts right (inflow to right atrium)

Question 24

what happens to common atrium

Answer 24

enlarges and shifts dorsally

Question 25

what regions enlarge and what regions stay narrow

Answer 25

region of primitive atrium and primitive ventricle enlarge while connecting area stays narrow

Question 26

what is the common, constricted region at junction between primitive atrium and bulboventricle

Answer 26

atrioventricular canal

Question 27

primitive atrium

Answer 27

single chamber, enlarges to left and right

Question 28

artioventricular canal partitions

Answer 28

seprate left and right atrioventricular canals

Question 29

two masses (dorsal and ventral) of mesoderm form known as

Answer 29

endocardial cushions

Question 30

dorsal and ventral endocardial cushions do what

Answer 30

grow toward eachother and fuse

Question 31

separate

Answer 31

left and right atrioventricular canals

Question 32

separation of common atrium takes _____

Answer 32

2 septa (primary and secondary)

Question 33

septum primum grows from

Answer 33

wall about the middle of common primitive atrium to endocardial cushion

Question 34

foramen primum

Answer 34

free edge of septum primum defines openeing

Question 35

foramen primum is _____ opening

Answer 35

temporary

Question 36

when does the foramen primum close

Answer 36

when septum primum fuses with endocardial cushions

Question 37

a second opening forms in the septum primum (before foramen primum closes) called the

Answer 37

foramen (ostium) secundum; programmed cell death

Question 38

septum secundum forms to ____ of septum primum and grows towards _____

Answer 38

right; grows towards endocardial cushions

Question 39

free edge of septum secundum defines opening called

Answer 39

foramen ovale (gap at junction of with endocardial cushion)

Question 40

septum secundum persists as

Answer 40

interatrial wall

Question 41

septum primum perists in its position next to septum secundum with portion over foramen ovale becoming the

Answer 41

valve of the foramen ovale

Question 42

separation of left and right atria establish ______

Answer 42

left and right atrioventricular orififces

Question 43

development of what follows

Answer 43

right and left AV valves

Question 44

how do the separate atria form

Answer 44

endocardial cuhsions grow toward each other and fuse

Question 45

inflow end of primitive heart tube is the

Answer 45

sinus venosus

Question 46

sinus venosus is composed of

Answer 46

equal sized left and right horns of sinus venosus

Question 47

_______ between sinus venosus and primitive atrium

Answer 47

weide opening

Question 48

sinus venosus recieves blood from

Answer 48

developing embryo/fetal body and umbilical vein

Question 49

_____ horn loses importance and ____ horn dominates

Answer 49

left; right

Question 50

opening of sinus venosus shifts to ___ side of heart tube (as atria are separating into r and l)

Answer 50

right

Question 51

right horn maintained as

Answer 51

inflow area to right atrium

Question 52

left horn becomes

Answer 52

smaller coronary sinus and great cardiac vein of heart

Question 53

as development progresses, right horn of sinus venosus incorporated into

Answer 53

wall of right atrium

Question 54

right horn of sinus venosus becomes

Answer 54

smooth wall of sinus venarum

Question 55

primitive right atrium becomes

Answer 55

auricle with pectinate muscle

Question 56

junction sinus venosus and primitive right atrium ecomes

Answer 56

crista terminalis

Question 57

pulmonary veins develop as

Answer 57

independent outgrowths of left atrium

Question 58

single vein grows out from left atrium and branches to

Answer 58

both lungs as they form

Question 59

left atrium enlarges incorporating

Answer 59

proxmal part of single pulmonary vein past the point where it branches (single open to multiple openings)

Question 60

common outflow arterial tube is the

Answer 60

truncus arteriosus

Question 61

truncus arteriosus connnects _____ to major arteries

Answer 61

bulbus cordis

Question 62

two opposing ridges appear in

Answer 62

truncus arteriosus and bulbus cordis

Question 63

ridges grow in _____ from _____

Answer 63

180 degree spiral from proximal to distal

Question 64

ridges grow toward ______ and ____

Answer 64

eachother; fuse into the aorticopullmonary or spiral septum

Question 65

aorticopulmonary or spiral septum divides what

Answer 65

truncus arteriosus/bulbus cordis into aorta and pulmonary trunk

Question 66

spiral nature of aorticopullmonary septum means

Answer 66

pulmonary trunk twists around aorta

Question 67

spiral essential to

Answer 67

interconnnect pulmonary and systemic circuits

Question 68

interventricular septum grows from

Answer 68

ventral part of primitive, common ventricle (apex of heart) toward endocardial cushions

Question 69

since primitive ventricle is muscular

Answer 69

muscular portion of interventricular septum

Question 70

opening defined by free edge is the

Answer 70

interventricular foramen

Question 71

interventricular foramen eventually closed by

Answer 71

the thinner membranous portion of interventricular septum

Question 72

derived from cells of

Answer 72

endocardial cushin, aorticopulmonary (spiral) septum and muscular interventricular septum

Question 73

aortic and pulmonary valves arise from

Answer 73

3 swellings of mesenchyme deep to endothelium at origin of aorta and pulmonary trunk

Question 74

________ cells migrate into developing and contribute to

Answer 74

formation of cardiac valves

Question 75

swellings hollow out to form

Answer 75

cusps

Question 76

valves are a fold of endothelial tissue with ______ core

Answer 76

CCT

Question 77

left and right atrioventricular valves arise from

Answer 77

swellings of mesenchyme at junction of atria and ventricles where common atrioventricular canal was divided into left and right by endocardial cushions

Question 78

cavitation of muscle beneath

Answer 78

(ventricle side) mesodermal swellings and remodeling of swellings

Question 79

creates

Answer 79

cusp shape and placement

Question 80

leaves behind chordae tendinae which are

Answer 80

remnants of cavitated muscle tissue replaced with collagenous connective tissue

Question 81

some muscle not removed remains as

Answer 81

papillary muscles securing chordae tendinae to ventricular wall

Question 82

left AV valve ____ cusps

Answer 82

2 cusps

Question 83

right AV valve ___ cusps

Answer 83

3 cusps