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Embryology > Extraembryonic Membranes and Placentation > Flashcards

Extraembryonic Membranes and Placentation Flashcards

1
Q

vertebrates are characterized by having and extra embryonic membrane called

A

the amnion

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2
Q

what vertebrates have the amnion

A

reptiles, birds, mammals

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3
Q

how many extraembryonic membranes develop?

A

4

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4
Q

what is the first membrane to form

A

yolk sac

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5
Q

yolk sac derived from

A

extraembryonic endoderm

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6
Q

yolk sac is continuous with what

A

the primitive embryonic gut (midgut of GI tract);

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7
Q

what is the connection between the yolk sac and gut

A

yolk stalk or vitelline duct

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8
Q

the mesoderm that associates with the endoerm of yolk sac is the

A

splanchnic mesoderm

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9
Q

complete wall of the yolk sac is composed of

A

endoderm and splanchnic mesoderm

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10
Q

endoderm and splanchnic mesoderm is called

A

splanchnopleure

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11
Q

flat disc

A

C shaped embryo with mid-ventral opening

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12
Q

flat disc expands in what direction

A

cranially, caudally, and lateroventrally

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13
Q

what extends through the opening in the flat disc

A

yolk sac

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14
Q

what is the amnion

A

membrane that surrounds the embryo and separates it from immediate contact with environment

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15
Q

the amnion is derived from and continuous with the

A

ectoderm

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16
Q

amnion eventually forms what

A

outer layer of umbilical cord

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17
Q

mesoderm associated with ectoderm of amnion is

A

somatic mesoderm

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18
Q

complete wall of amniotic sac is composed of

A

ectoderm and somatic mesoderm

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19
Q

ectoderm and somatic mesoderm are called

A

somatopleure

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20
Q

what is the amniotic cavity

A

space between embryo and amnion

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21
Q

what is the function of the amniotic fluid that fills the amniotic cavity

A

keeps embryo/fetus moist; protects from dessication
protect and cushion of embryo/fetus from physical forces
prevents adhesion of embryo/fetus to surroundings

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22
Q

what are the sources of amniotic fluid

A

fetal urination
(continuously recycled: fetus urinates, swallos, abosred by fetal GI, and returned to maternal circulation via umblical vessels and placental exchange)
maternal plasma

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23
Q

chorion membrane forms where

A

outside the amnion

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24
Q

chorion is derived from

A

fetal ectoderm and trophoblasts

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25
Q

what mesoderm associates with ectoderm of chorion

A

somatic mesoderm

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26
Q

complete wall of chorion is composed of

A

ectoderm and somatic mesoderm

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27
Q

ectoderm and somatic mesoderm is

A

somatopleure

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28
Q

what is the mesoderm lined space between the amnion and chorion

A

extraembryonic coelom;

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29
Q

the body cavity associated with embryo body

A

intraembryonic coelom

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30
Q

what is the last membrane to develop

A

allantois

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31
Q

allantois is derived from

A

endoderm with splanchnic mesoderm

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32
Q

what is the complete wall of allantois called

A

splanchnopleure

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33
Q

diverticulum of hindgut enlarges into

A

space between amnion and chorion (extraembryonic coelom)

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34
Q

diverticulum of hindgut attached to

A

allantoic stalk

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35
Q

diverticulum of hindgut ____ system

A

extensive blood vessel system

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36
Q

what is also produced during allantois development

A

storage area for excretory substances produced during development

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37
Q

ovary of a bird ovulates ____ ova

A

yolk-rich

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38
Q

what makes up a majority of the avian reproductive tract

A

the oviduct

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39
Q

in the oviduct, there are secretions of ______ that surrounds the ova/zygote

A

albumen and fibrous membranes

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40
Q

what creates the hard shell of the egg

A

shell gland

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41
Q

where and when does fertilization occur in the avian

A

in the oviduct; before albumen and shell are added

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42
Q

can chickens lay unfertilized eggs?

A

yes

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43
Q

following gastrulation, extraembryonic germ layers (splanchnic mesoderm and endoderm or splanchnopleure) do what

A

expand over the yolk

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44
Q

avian yolk stalk formed connecting yolk sac with

A

embryonic/fetal gut

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45
Q

yolk is absorbed from sac

A

endothelial blood vessels, connect with blood vessels in splanchnic mesoderm and pass to embryo

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46
Q

yolk sac decreases in size as

A

embyro uses yolk (nutrition)

47
Q

yolk eventually drawn into abdominal cavity and

A

incorporated into small intestine

48
Q

when is the last of the yolk absorbed

A

shortly after hatching

49
Q

avian amnion and chorion

A

“paired” folds; ectoderm, extraembyronic mesoderm, and trophoblasts (somatopleure) form

50
Q

elevates

A

chorioamniotic folds

51
Q

chorioamniotic folds expand ____

A

dorsally

52
Q

chorioamniotic folds meet and fuse over _____ of embryo creating ______

A

dorsal midline; 2 layers of somatopleure (inner layer is amnion, outer layer is chorion)

53
Q

avian allantoic splanchnic mesoderm fuses with

A

yolk sac splanchnic mesoderm
amnion somatic mesoderm
chorion somatic mesoderm of apposed to inner membrane of shel

54
Q

vascularization of chorioallantoic membrane allows

A

o2/co2 exchange across shell

55
Q

what happens to albumin during incubation

A

albumen loses water (increases in viscosity) and decreases in volume

56
Q

expanding chorioallantoic membranes surrounds =

A

albumen sac

57
Q

communication develops between albumen and amniotic cavity; how does embryo get nutrients?

A

embryo swallows

58
Q

as embryo grows, _____ decrease in size

A

albuen sac

59
Q

remaining albumen sac incorporated into

A

yolk sac (fuses with vitelline-allantoic membrane)

60
Q

2 fibrous membranes are added around albumen

A

inner and outer

61
Q

inner membrane eventually contacts with _____

A

chorion

62
Q

outer membrane contacts

A

eggshell

63
Q

what forms between the two membranes

A

air sac or air cell for gas exchange

64
Q

what is an eggshell

A

a mineralized (calcium carbonate) or protein matrix

65
Q

how does gas exchange occur

A

has pores to allow for gas exchange (allows air in and out of air sac)

66
Q

when the egg is laid, the embryo is a ____

A

blastocyst

67
Q

____ are just beginning to form

A

fetal membranes

68
Q

the egg itself is mostly

A

yolk and ablumen with the embryo only a small disc sitting on the yolk

69
Q

as the embryo grows, it will fill the eggshell, it and fetal membranes expand as albumen

A

decreases

70
Q

yolk sac of mammalian extraembryonic membranes

A

develops even though there is no yolk

may belarge in early embryo before placenta established

71
Q

yolk sac placenta also known as

A

choriovitelline placenta

72
Q

yolk sac placenta has extensive contact with

A

chorion

73
Q

yolk sac becomes highly vascularized and absorbs

A

nutrients and oxygen

74
Q

yolk sac placenta is definitive placenta of

A

most marsupials

75
Q

yolk sac placenta is temporary placenta for

A

many mammals (excluding humans)- does not establish extensive, intimate contact with endometrium

76
Q

amnion and chorion initial development is much like avian including

A

body folds (head fold, tail fold, lateral body fold) and chorioamniotic folds

77
Q

chorion becomes

A

integral part of placneta

78
Q

amnion expansion forms

A

umbilical cord encompassing umbilical vessels and allantoic stalk; grows as development proceeds

79
Q

allantois fuses with

A

chorion to become part of the placenta (chorioallantoic) to establish extensive contact with endometrium

80
Q

some marsupials develop ____ for the short intra-uterine development

A

primitive allantoic placenta

81
Q

what is a placenta

A

an organ composed of maternal and fetal components

82
Q

what are the functions of the placenta

A

O2/CO2, nutrient and waste exchange
acts as an endocrine organ (progensterone or chorionic gonadotropin in mares);
regulated barrier betwen fetal and maternal circulation

83
Q

what is the placental labrynth

A

interdigitating folds, increased surface area for exchange

84
Q

what determines the gross characteristics of the placenta

A

chorionic villi and relationship with endometrium

85
Q

what animals have diffuse

A

horse and pig

86
Q

what is diffuse

A

entire chorioallantois

87
Q

what animals have cotyledonary

A

ruminants

88
Q

what is cotyledonary

A

small areas of chorioallantois (cotyledons) attach to caruncles (maternal); together called placentome

89
Q

what animals have zonary

A

carnivores

90
Q

what is zonary

A

circumferential area of mid-chorioallantoic

91
Q

discoid occurs in what animals

A

primates and rodents

92
Q

what is discoid

A

disc-shaped area of chorioallantois

93
Q

placenta is a ___ structure

A

layered

94
Q

fetal layers include

A 
fetal endothelium/fetal capillaries (deepest layer)
fetal CT
fetal epithelium (chorionic feal membrane ectoderm/trophoblasts)
95
Q

maternal layers include

A

uterine epithelium
uterine CT
maternal vascular endothelium of capillaries

96
Q

what animals have epitheliochorial placenta

A

horse, donkey, pigs

97
Q

what is epitheliochorial

A

endometiral epithelium with chorionic epithelium; endometrial epithelium remains intact

98
Q

syndesmochorial placenta is found in

A

ruminants

99
Q

what is syndesmochorial layers

A

uterine connective tissue with chorionic epithelium; removal of uterine epithelium; single epithelial layer (contains epithelial cell of fetal and maternal origin)
adhered only at cotyledons

100
Q

endotheliochorial occurs in

A

dogs and cats

101
Q

endotheliochorial layers

A

endometrial capillaries with chorionic epithelium

uterine epithelium and uterine connective tissue removed

102
Q

hemochorial occurs in

A

rodents and primates

103
Q

hemochorial laers

A

maternal blood and chorionic epithelium; uterine epithleium, uterine connective tissue, and endometiral capillary endothelium removed

104
Q

canine/dog degree of implantation

A

conjoined/deciduate

105
Q

feline degree of implantation

A

conjoined, deciduate

106
Q

ruminants, equine, and porcine degree of implantation

A

apposed, nondeciduate

107
Q

endometrial cups are unique in the

A

horse

108
Q

what are endometrial cups

A

ulcer like structures (2mm to 5 cm) developed at chorionic girdle

109
Q

how do these endometrail cups develop

A

fetal epithelial cell migrate into endometrial stroma and burry themselves; causing discrete, pale raised plaques in endometrium; triggers an immune response necessary for survival of pregnancy

110
Q

endometrial cups are a source of

A

chorionic gonadotropin

111
Q

endometrial cups develop at day

A

35 of gestation

112
Q

endometrial cups regress at day

A

120 of gestation

113
Q

once endometrial cups are formed, will termination of pregnancy alter course?

A

no; pregnancy serum will test positive until cups regress; and estruss will not resume until cups have regressed

Embryology (18 decks)

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