x exam 2 cardiovascular defects

Question 1

heart murmurs are

Answer 1

abnormal turbulence and blood flow through the heart

Question 2

systolic murmus occur during

Answer 2

sytole between 1st and 2nd heart sounds

Question 3

systolic murmurs associated with

Answer 3

closure of AV valves

Question 4

diastolic murmurs occur during

Answer 4

diastole between 2nd heart sound of one cardiac cycle and 1st heart sound of next cardiac cycle

Question 5

diastyolic murmurs are associated with

Answer 5

closure of aortic and pulmonic valve

Question 6

acyanotic cardiac malformations include

Answer 6

pulmonary stenosis
aortic stenosis
ventricular septal defect
atrial septal defect
ectopia cordis

Question 7

what is pulmonary stenosis

Answer 7

narrwoing of pulmonary outflow tract

Question 8

pulmonary stensosis causes what kind of murmur

Answer 8

systolic murmur (poststenotic turbulence)

Question 9

poststenotic dilation of pulmonary trunk occurs due to

Answer 9

high velocity blood flow

Question 10

what are the long term consequences of pulmonary stenosis

Answer 10

dilation and hypertrophy of right ventricle and right heart failure

Question 11

common dog breeds that get pulmonary stenosis

Answer 11

beagle
english bulldog
fox terier
chihuahua
samyed
old english sheepdog
miniature schnauzer

Question 12

aortic stenosis is

Answer 12

narrowing of systemic outflow tract

Question 13

what kind of murmur occurs with aortic stenosis

Answer 13

poststenotic turbulence (systolic murmur)

Question 14

poststenotic dialtion of aorta due to

Answer 14

high velocity of blood flow (slower to appear compared to pulmonary stenosis)

Question 15

what are the long term consequences of aortic stenosis

Answer 15

dilation and hypertrophy of left ventricle; left heart failure

Question 16

aortic stenosis may be inherited in

Answer 16

boxers and newfoundlands

Question 17

other common breeds to get aortic stenosis

Answer 17

german shephard
germa short-haird pointers
springer spaniel
fox terier
english bulldog
siamese cat

Question 18

ventricular septal defect is the

Answer 18

opening in interventricular septum

Question 19

most commonly ventricular septal defect located ______. Why?

Answer 19

dorsally; failure to close membranous portion of interventricular septum (near septal cusp of R AV valve)

Question 20

what kind of murmur occurs with ventricular septal defect

Answer 20

systolic

Question 21

what are the long erm consequences of ventricular septal defect

Answer 21

small opening may not comporomise animal
larger openings typically create left heart problems
severe cases may also create right heart problems

Question 22

ventricular septal defect is often an incidental finding in

Answer 22

bovine necropsy

Question 23

ventricular septal defect occurs commonly in

Answer 23

siberian husky

Question 24

atrial septal defect is the

Answer 24

failure to close a foramen

Question 25

patent foramen ovale is the most common

Answer 25

septum primum does not fuse to septum secundum

Question 26

if only failure is fusion, what are the clinical signs

Answer 26

no clincial signs when pressures of atria are normal

Question 27

if septum primum does not completely cover foramen ovale

Answer 27

allows abnormal blood flow

Question 28

atrial septal defect could also be a

Answer 28

persistent foramen primum or enlarged or persistent foramen scundum

Question 29

what kind of murmur occurs with atrial septal defect

Answer 29

systolic murmur due to blood shunted from left atrium to right atrium

Question 30

what are the long term consequences of atrial septal defect

Answer 30

dilation and hypertrophy of right atrium and ventricle right heart failure may progress to include left heart failure

Question 31

what common breeds for atrial septal defet

Answer 31

boxers | samoyeds

Question 32

what is ectopia cordis

Answer 32

delay in descent of heart during body folding; heart is found in neck instead of thorax

Question 33

occasionally ____ does not form properaly and heart is found ventrally outside thoracic cavity

Answer 33

sternum

Question 34

ectopia cordis most commonly seen in

Answer 34

cattle

Question 35

what are the cyanotic cardiac malformations

Answer 35

``` tetralogy of fallot transposition of great vessels persistent truncus arteriosus abnormal vessels failure to close unique fetal circulatory structures patent ductus arteriosus ```

Question 36

tetralogy of fallot consists for 3 primary and 1 secondary lesion including

Answer 36

pulmonic stenosis ventricular septal defect dextroarota (aorta shifted abnormally to right) right ventricular hypertrophy (SEOCNDARY)

Question 37

Why does cyanosis occur with tetralogy of fallot

Answer 37

deoxygenated blood from right ventricle enters aorta

Question 38

what elicits marked cyanosis

Answer 38

limited exercise

Question 39

what are the clinical signs of tetralogy of fallot

Answer 39

poor growth fatigue dyspena syncope (poor oxygenation)

Question 40

tetralogy of fallot is more common in

Answer 40

ruminants and dogs; may be inherited n keeshonds

Question 41

transposition of great vessels is

Answer 41

failur of aorticopulmonary septum to develop as a spiral resulting in reversal of pulmonic and systemic outflow tracts

Question 42

why does this cause cyanosis

Answer 42

2 separate, closed circulations (1 pulmonary loop and 1 systemic loop)

Question 43

clinical signs of transposition of great vessesl

Answer 43

incompatible with life after birth unless a left-right shunt is present (many also have ventricular septal defect)

Question 44

persistent truncus arteriosis is

Answer 44

failure of aorticuopulmonary septum to develop at all, truncus arteriosus does not develop into separate pulmonary trunk and aorta

Question 45

why does persistent truncus arteriosis cause cyanosis

Answer 45

mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood in single outflow tract leaving heart to lungs and body

Question 46

persistent righ aortic arch is caused by

Answer 46

right 4th aortic arch becomes the aortic arch instead of the left

Question 47

if right 6th aortic arch also

Answer 47

ductus arteriosus instead of left= normal physiologic function

Question 48

if left 6th aortic arch

Answer 48

ductus arteriosus and left segment of dorsal aorta persist=vascular ring around esophagus and trachea (stricutre point affecting function)

Question 49

aberrant right subclavian artery

Answer 49

right 4th arch degenerates, leaving right subclavian artery to arise soley from right 7th drorsal intersegmental artery and dorsal aorta (caudal to aortic arch); depending on path, can create a partial vascular ring that constricts the esophagus

Question 50

patent foramen ovale

Answer 50

interatiral septal defect

Question 51

patent ductus venosus

Answer 51

connection between hepatic protal vein and caudal vena cava remains open= portosystemic shunt (other types exist) venous blood from GITt continues to bypass liver

Question 52

what are the deficits of patent ductus venosus

Answer 52

acumulation of toxic substances (ammonia causes neuroligc dysfunction including abnormalbehaviors and seizures)

Question 53

occur in what breeds

Answer 53

dogs (irish setter, irish wolfhounds) and cats

Question 54

patent ductus arteriosis

Answer 54

increase pressure in aorta and left ventricle forces blood into pulmonary artery

Question 55

what murmur occurs with patent ductus arteriosus

Answer 55

continuous murmu associated with aortic and pulmonic valve PMIs

Question 56

what clinical signs occur

Answer 56

initial right heart hpertrophy (failure, eventually left also affected)