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Embryology > x exam 2 cardiovascular defects > Flashcards

x exam 2 cardiovascular defects Flashcards

1
Q

heart murmurs are

A

abnormal turbulence and blood flow through the heart

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2
Q

systolic murmus occur during

A

sytole between 1st and 2nd heart sounds

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3
Q

systolic murmurs associated with

A

closure of AV valves

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4
Q

diastolic murmurs occur during

A

diastole between 2nd heart sound of one cardiac cycle and 1st heart sound of next cardiac cycle

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5
Q

diastyolic murmurs are associated with

A

closure of aortic and pulmonic valve

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6
Q

acyanotic cardiac malformations include

A 
pulmonary stenosis
aortic stenosis
ventricular septal defect
atrial septal defect
ectopia cordis
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7
Q

what is pulmonary stenosis

A

narrwoing of pulmonary outflow tract

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8
Q

pulmonary stensosis causes what kind of murmur

A

systolic murmur (poststenotic turbulence)

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9
Q

poststenotic dilation of pulmonary trunk occurs due to

A

high velocity blood flow

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10
Q

what are the long term consequences of pulmonary stenosis

A

dilation and hypertrophy of right ventricle and right heart failure

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11
Q

common dog breeds that get pulmonary stenosis

A 
beagle
english bulldog
fox terier
chihuahua
samyed
old english sheepdog
miniature schnauzer
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12
Q

aortic stenosis is

A

narrowing of systemic outflow tract

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13
Q

what kind of murmur occurs with aortic stenosis

A

poststenotic turbulence (systolic murmur)

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14
Q

poststenotic dialtion of aorta due to

A

high velocity of blood flow (slower to appear compared to pulmonary stenosis)

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15
Q

what are the long term consequences of aortic stenosis

A

dilation and hypertrophy of left ventricle; left heart failure

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16
Q

aortic stenosis may be inherited in

A

boxers and newfoundlands

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17
Q

other common breeds to get aortic stenosis

A 
german shephard
germa short-haird pointers
springer spaniel
fox terier
english bulldog
siamese cat
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18
Q

ventricular septal defect is the

A

opening in interventricular septum

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19
Q

most commonly ventricular septal defect located ______. Why?

A

dorsally; failure to close membranous portion of interventricular septum (near septal cusp of R AV valve)

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20
Q

what kind of murmur occurs with ventricular septal defect

A

systolic

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21
Q

what are the long erm consequences of ventricular septal defect

A

small opening may not comporomise animal
larger openings typically create left heart problems
severe cases may also create right heart problems

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22
Q

ventricular septal defect is often an incidental finding in

A

bovine necropsy

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23
Q

ventricular septal defect occurs commonly in

A

siberian husky

24
Q

atrial septal defect is the

A

failure to close a foramen

25
Q

patent foramen ovale is the most common

A

septum primum does not fuse to septum secundum

26
Q

if only failure is fusion, what are the clinical signs

A

no clincial signs when pressures of atria are normal

27
Q

if septum primum does not completely cover foramen ovale

A

allows abnormal blood flow

28
Q

atrial septal defect could also be a

A

persistent foramen primum or enlarged or persistent foramen scundum

29
Q

what kind of murmur occurs with atrial septal defect

A

systolic murmur due to blood shunted from left atrium to right atrium

30
Q

what are the long term consequences of atrial septal defect

A

dilation and hypertrophy of right atrium and ventricle
right heart failure
may progress to include left heart failure

31
Q

what common breeds for atrial septal defet

A

boxers

samoyeds

32
Q

what is ectopia cordis

A

delay in descent of heart during body folding; heart is found in neck instead of thorax

33
Q

occasionally ____ does not form properaly and heart is found ventrally outside thoracic cavity

A

sternum

34
Q

ectopia cordis most commonly seen in

A

cattle

35
Q

what are the cyanotic cardiac malformations

A 
tetralogy of fallot
transposition of great vessels
persistent truncus arteriosus
abnormal vessels
failure to close unique fetal circulatory structures
patent ductus arteriosus
36
Q

tetralogy of fallot consists for 3 primary and 1 secondary lesion including

A

pulmonic stenosis
ventricular septal defect
dextroarota (aorta shifted abnormally to right)
right ventricular hypertrophy (SEOCNDARY)

37
Q

Why does cyanosis occur with tetralogy of fallot

A

deoxygenated blood from right ventricle enters aorta

38
Q

what elicits marked cyanosis

A

limited exercise

39
Q

what are the clinical signs of tetralogy of fallot

A

poor growth
fatigue
dyspena
syncope (poor oxygenation)

40
Q

tetralogy of fallot is more common in

A

ruminants and dogs; may be inherited n keeshonds

41
Q

transposition of great vessels is

A

failur of aorticopulmonary septum to develop as a spiral resulting in reversal of pulmonic and systemic outflow tracts

42
Q

why does this cause cyanosis

A

2 separate, closed circulations (1 pulmonary loop and 1 systemic loop)

43
Q

clinical signs of transposition of great vessesl

A

incompatible with life after birth unless a left-right shunt is present (many also have ventricular septal defect)

44
Q

persistent truncus arteriosis is

A

failure of aorticuopulmonary septum to develop at all, truncus arteriosus does not develop into separate pulmonary trunk and aorta

45
Q

why does persistent truncus arteriosis cause cyanosis

A

mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood in single outflow tract leaving heart to lungs and body

46
Q

persistent righ aortic arch is caused by

A

right 4th aortic arch becomes the aortic arch instead of the left

47
Q

if right 6th aortic arch also

A

ductus arteriosus instead of left= normal physiologic function

48
Q

if left 6th aortic arch

A

ductus arteriosus and left segment of dorsal aorta persist=vascular ring around esophagus and trachea (stricutre point affecting function)

49
Q

aberrant right subclavian artery

A

right 4th arch degenerates, leaving right subclavian artery to arise soley from right 7th drorsal intersegmental artery and dorsal aorta (caudal to aortic arch); depending on path, can create a partial vascular ring that constricts the esophagus

50
Q

patent foramen ovale

A

interatiral septal defect

51
Q

patent ductus venosus

A

connection between hepatic protal vein and caudal vena cava remains open= portosystemic shunt (other types exist)
venous blood from GITt continues to bypass liver

52
Q

what are the deficits of patent ductus venosus

A

acumulation of toxic substances (ammonia causes neuroligc dysfunction including abnormalbehaviors and seizures)

53
Q

occur in what breeds

A

dogs (irish setter, irish wolfhounds) and cats

54
Q

patent ductus arteriosis

A

increase pressure in aorta and left ventricle forces blood into pulmonary artery

55
Q

what murmur occurs with patent ductus arteriosus

A

continuous murmu associated with aortic and pulmonic valve PMIs

56
Q

what clinical signs occur

A

initial right heart hpertrophy (failure, eventually left also affected)

Embryology (18 decks)

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