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Embryology > Neuro 2 > Flashcards

Neuro 2 Flashcards

1
Q

wall of neural tube is composed of neuroepithelial cells that continue to divide giving rise to

A

neuronal, ependymal, and glial progenitor cells

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2
Q

what are the 3 layers of embryonic neural tube

A

ventricular zone (germinal layer)
mantle layer
marginal layer

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3
Q

germinal layer composed of

A

activating, dividing cells; various cells born that migrate away

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4
Q

what zone is closest to the neural canal

A

ventricular zone

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5
Q

ependymal cells form what

A

a simple cuboidal epithelium lining that remains attached to the internal limiting membrane of the cavities of the CNS

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6
Q

ependymal cells persist in adult to line

A

ventricles and central canal of spinal cord; form choroid plexus

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7
Q

germinal layer active cell division; dividing cells move to

A

mantle layer

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8
Q

what is the intermediate zone

A

the mantle layer

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9
Q

what is the mantle body composed of cell bodies of

A

proliferating neuroepithelial cells (immature neurons and glial cells)

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10
Q

mantle layer ultimately becomes

A

gray matter of CNS

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11
Q

What is the outer zone

A

marginal layer

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12
Q

what is the marginal layer composed of

A

axon processes of developing neurons (primary component myelinated axons)

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13
Q

marginal layer becomes

A

white matter of CNS

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14
Q

Neural crest cells become

A 
GSA neurons
postganglionic GVE neurons (symp and parasymp)
PNS glial cells
melanocytes
adrenal chromaffin cells (epinephrine)
arachnoid and pia mater
various other non-neuronal cells
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15
Q

left and right dorsal thickenings of mantle layer become

A

alar plate

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16
Q

alar plate becomes

A

interneurons,sensory relay neurons

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17
Q

left and right ventral thickenings of mantle layer become

A

basal plate

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18
Q

basal plate becomes

A

motor neurons

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19
Q

left and right longitudinal grooves form on inner wall of neural canal and become

A

sulcus limitans

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20
Q

sulcus limitans is the boundary between

A

dorsal sensory alar plate and ventral motor plate

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21
Q

alar and basal plates do what

A

expand and fuse forming characteristic butterfly-shaped gray matter of spinal cord

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22
Q

alar plate becomes ______ horns

A

dorsal horns

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23
Q

basal plate becomes ______ horns

A

ventral and intermediate horns

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24
Q

sulci of neural canal eventually disappear and canal

A

reduces in diameter to become central canal

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25
Q

right and left sides remain ___ on the surface

A

demarcated

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26
Q

dorsal median groove

A

shallow depression

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27
Q

ventral fissure

A

deep groove

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28
Q

motor neuron axons will emerge ____

A

ventral roots

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29
Q

GVE migrate to

A

junction of alar and basal plates (intermediolateral gray horn) and move to target

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30
Q

what is the target at this time

A

somites!

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31
Q

fusing and reshaping of somites creates

A

limbs

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32
Q

gsa neuron processes are ___ derived

A

neural crest derived

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33
Q

gsa neuron processes grow into

A

dorsal roots and out spinal nerve

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34
Q

cell bodies of gsa

A

dorsal root ganglion

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35
Q

dendrites to receptor become

A

spinal nerve

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36
Q

axons become

A

dorsal root

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37
Q

early brain development require

A

closure of rostral neuropore to be normal

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38
Q

3 dilations form at ____ end of neural tube

A

rostral end

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39
Q

the rostral end of neural tube is

A

primary vesicles (follows closure of neural tube

40
Q

what are the 3 dilations

A

proencephalon
mesencephalon
rhombencephalon

41
Q

2 bends or flexures develop

A

cervical flexure and cephalic flexure

42
Q

cervical flexure between

A

rhombencephalon and developing spinal cord

43
Q

cephalic flexure occurs in

A

mesenchephalon

44
Q

cervical flexure persists in what species

A

in all species as accomodation of head and neck

45
Q

cephalic flexure temporary in

A

quadrapeds

46
Q

cephalic flexure persists in

A

bipeds (primates)

47
Q

prosencephalon and rhombfencephalon subdivide forming

A

a total of 5 secondary vesciles

48
Q

prosencephalon divides into

A

telencephalon and diencephalon

49
Q

telencephalon becomes

A

cerebral cortex and basal ganglia and hippocampus

50
Q

diencephalon becomes

A

thalamus, hypothalamus, retina

51
Q

rhombencephalon divides into

A

metencephalon and mylencephalon

52
Q

metencephalon becomes

A

pons and cerebellum

53
Q

mylencephalon

A

medulla oblongata

54
Q

pontine flexure forms and begins separation of

A

metencephalon into pons and cerebellum

55
Q

neural canal expands and persists as _____

A

ventricular system within each secondary vesicle

56
Q

neural canal lined by

A

ependymal cells

57
Q

telencephalon contains

A

lateral ventricles

58
Q

diencephalon contains

A

3rd ventricle

59
Q

mesencephalon becomes

A

mesencephalic aqueduct

60
Q

metencephalon contains

A

4th ventricle

61
Q

myelencephalon contains

A

4th ventricle

62
Q

csf is produced by

A

choroid plexus (ependymal cell origin)

63
Q

csf production is _____ independent

A

pressure

64
Q

csf produced by

A

lateral, 3rd, 4th ventricles

65
Q

organization of brain development

A

initial pattern similar to spinal cord with alar and basal plates (alar sensory, basal motor)

66
Q

in brainstem, as progress dorsal aspect thins,

A

alar plate moves laterally pushing basal plate medially

67
Q

more _____ parts lose this organization

A

rostral

68
Q

neural tube fails to develop normally along some part of its

A

length

69
Q

structure ____ to neurotube rquire neurotube to develop normally

A

dorsal

70
Q

spina bifida

A

failure to close caudal end of neural tube in what will beocme spinal cord or rupture of caudal neuropore (defect in primary neurulation)

71
Q

failure to close cranial neural tube affects

A

the brain and head

72
Q

failure to close entire neural tube is a lethal condition called

A

cranioarchischisis

73
Q

spina bifida occulta is a defect in

A

vertebral arch in which no material extends out of vertebral canal; skin covers defect;

74
Q

what neurological symptoms do you see with spina bifida occulta

A

minimal to none

75
Q

spina bfida + meningocoele

A

defect in vertebral arch; CSF fill sac of meninges protrude, no spinal cord tissues protrude; most covered by skin

76
Q

what neurological signs do you see with spina bifida +meningocoele

A

minimal

77
Q

muscle mass in spina bifida + meningocoele

A

no muscle mass where defect is

78
Q

spina bifida + meningomyelocoele

A

defect in vertebral arch, meninges & spinal cord bulge out of vertebral canal; CSF filled sac of meninges with disorganized spinal cord tissue protrude; most NOT covered by skin;

79
Q

spina bifida + meningomyelocoele neurological sings

A

disorganized neural tissue and neurologic damage to nerve roots; moderate to severe neurological symptoms

80
Q

defect in primary neurulation results in

A

tail - less; can have urinary and fecal incontinence if sacral cord affected

81
Q

anencephaly

A

lethal conditio in which calvarie (bones of skull that surround brain) fails to form around brain;

82
Q

in ancephaly what happens to the forebrain

A

fetal forebrain stops developing and remains in contact with amniotic fluid and subsequently degenerates (prosencephalon or forebrain and meninges in region is absent)

83
Q

exencephaly

A

defect in skull, brain tissue extends through defect; no skin or meninges cover brain tissue

84
Q

meningocoele

A

defect in skull, meninges extend through defect; CSF filled sac of meninges, no brain tissue; may be covered by skin

85
Q

menigoencephalocoele

A

defect in skull, meniges and brain tissue extend through defect; brain and CSF filled sac of meninges; may be covered by skin

86
Q

hydrocephalus

A

abnormal accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid in cranial cavity within ventricular system and /or subarachnoid space

87
Q

how does hydrocephalus occur

A

can be acquired or congenital

88
Q

what happens in hydrocephalus

A

disrupt circulation of CSF (obstruction leads to accumulation); elevated CSF pressure compresses neurons (neuron death if pressure not relieved)

89
Q

if increased pressure occurs prior to closure of sutures

A

skull expands (domed appearance) on top of head; skull cant dome once sutures fuse

90
Q

what is the most common obstruction site

A

mesencephalic aqueduct

91
Q

cerebellar hypoplasia (atrophy, abiotrophy) is often a rsult of

A

viral infection during late fetal development at time of rapid cel division (growth)

92
Q

what viruses can cause this

A

feline panleukopenia virus (feline distemper)
bovine viral diarrhea virus
1st affects dam, then crosses placenta and invades developing brain of fetus

93
Q

ddividing cells kille dby

A

virus (number of cells lost=severity of symptoms)

94
Q

cerebellar ataxia occurs when

A

born with too few cells in cerebellum

95
Q

this causes

A

disrupt rate, range and force of motion

96
Q

what sings can you see

A

over reaching, over-stepping, high stepping; falling
under reahing, short stepping; falling
postures to compensate poor balance and motion control (broad based stance)

Embryology (18 decks)

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