Wu et al. (2002)

Question 1

What were the 5 parenting practices emphasized in China? (measure 1)

Answer 1

• Encouragement of modesty (discouraging showing off and overconfidence)
• Protection (supervising children to prevent them from getting hurt)
• Maternal involvement (mothers have obligation to take care of children and helping them succeed)
• Shaming/love withdrawal (make child feel guilty & withdraw love if they don’t meet expectations)
• Directives (telling child what to do)

Question 2

What were the 3 authoritative dimensions emphasized in North America? (measure 2)

Answer 2

• Warmth/acceptance (connection; praising, hugging, appreciating, comforting child)
• Reasoning/induction (regulation; talking things over with child, explaining rules/consequences)
• Democratic participation (autonomy granting; allows child to have input in family rules)

Question 3

What were the 3 authoritarian dimensions emphasized in North America?

Answer 3

• Physical coercion (using physical punishment to discipline child)
• Verbal hostility (yelling or getting angry with child)
• Non-reasoning/punitive (punishes child without explanation)

Question 4

What were the largest and second-largest mean differences found between US and Chinese mothers?

Answer 4

• Largest = shaming/love withdrawal (higher in Chinese sample)
• Second largest = directiveness (higher in Chinese sample)

Question 5

What were the non-significant mean differences between US and Chinese mothers?

Answer 5

• maternal involvement
• reasoning/induction
• verbal hostility
• non-reasoning/punitive

Question 6

What were the culture-specific results for directiveness –> American moms only

Answer 6

• directiveness positively associated with verbal hostility and nonreasoning/punitive practices
• directiveness negatively associated with autonomy granting (democratic participation)
• basically, the more directive they are, the less effective their parenting strategies are

Question 7

What were the culture-specific differences for directiveness –> Chinese moms only

Answer 7

• directiveness positively associated with reasoning/induction, warmth/acceptance, and maternal involvement
• basically, directiveness is a way of showing love to their child