Chao (1995) Flashcards
Societal/collective culture vs. personal culture
- societal culture/collective culture: structural organization of social norms, rituals, conduct rules, and meaning systems that are shared by individuals in a specific ethnic group
- personal culture: takes places in the psychological domains of individual people; represents internalization of social transaction experiences (individual differences exist)
cognitive, emotional, and motivational consequences of independent construal
- cognitive: individual separate from others, internal attributes important and stable
- emotional: acceptable emotions more ego-focused (ie. anger, pride), needs to understand self and emotional expression
- motivational: individually-oriented to achieve (desire to achieve internalized standards of excellence)
cognitive, emotional, and motivational consequences of interdependent construal
- cognitive: person in relation to others, behaviour related to specific contexts, focus on understanding others and knowing rules of conduct
- emotional: acceptable emotions more other-focused (ie. empathy, shame), understanding others, restraining/managing emotional expression
- motivational: socially-oriented to achieve (desire to meet expectations of others)
European-American themes from the analysis that are consistent with an interdependent view of self
- Stressing importance of family and community (describes person in relation to others)
- Instilling values
Chinese-American themes from the analysis that reflect a reaction to living in US rather than interdependent view of self
- being self-reliant
- maintaining Chinese culture
What theme reflects the influence of the psychotherapy movement in the US rather than independent view of self?
Processing feelings with the child (getting in touch with feelings, labeling, and articulating them to others)
Key points in Chinese child’s world vs. European child’s world
- American’s emphasis on individual choice extends to the kin group; boundaries between American parents’ world and child’s; overall emphasis is on individualism, self-actualization, and reaching their full potential
- Chinese children learn to see the world as a network of relationships (must submit to parents; social world is decided for them and consists of family and extended kin); children expected to participate in parents’ social gatherings; overall emphasis is on harmony and scholarship
Cultural differences in the goal of children’s economic independence
- Americans believed self-esteem and self-actualization were important for achieving this goal
- Chinese believed that school/education was important for achieving this goal
Interdependent vs. independent self-construal: tasks
- independent: be unique, express self, realize internal attributes, promote own goals, say what’s on your mind
- interdependent: belong/fit in, occupy your proper place, engage in appropriate action, promote others’ goals, read others’ minds
Interdependent vs. independent self-construal: role of others
- indep: self-evaluation (others important for social comparison and self-reflection)
- interdep: self-definition (relationships with others in specific contexts define the self)
Interdependent vs. independent self-construal: basis of self-satisfaction
- indep: ability to express self and validate internal attributes
- interdep: ability to adjust, restrain self, maintain harmony with social context
