Parenting Styles Flashcards
Chao: 5 ways in which Chinese training differs from American authoritarianism –> Training
- AUTOCRATIC in order to ensure harmonious relations between parent and child to reduce conflict
- loving, caring, warm context
- innate goodness in child
- inductive discipline (explaining; using as opportunity to instruct/teach)
- highly involved (intensive parenting)
Chao: 5 ways in which Chinese training differs from American authoritarianism –> Authoritarianism
- AUTOCRATIC because they want to dominate children (ie. break a child’s will/autonomy)
- hostility, rejection (low warmth)
- original sin (children’s natural tendencies are flawed; they won’t do the right thing)
- power assertion (not inductive; parent-centered way)
- somewhat uninvolved (“good enough”)
Baumrind: what parenting style did she find support for in 1971? What 2 things did she find that differed from original conceptualizations?
- Support for authoritative style only
- Most American authoritarian parents were conceptually different from the other two parenting styles in their degree of child rejection
- Most American permissive parents were more conforming to social norms than she originally conceptualized, but she did find support for their low levels of rule enforcement (she thought they were anti-establishment, “hippie” parents, but they weren’t, they just didn’t enforce rules)
Baumrind: 4 dimensions of parenting styles (1972)
- Level of warmth and responsiveness (ex. being accepting, not rejecting of child)
- Level of clarity and consistency
- Level of maturity demands
- Level of communication
Baumrind’s 4 dimensions: level of clarity and consistency
- the degree to which parents enforce rules
- ex. setting clear rules, clear consequences, and consistently applying consequences when rules are broken
Baumrind’s 4 dimensions: level of maturity demands
- degree to which parents hold developmentally appropriate standards/expectations for the child (to promote ‘appropriate levels’ of autonomy/independence)
- ex. not doing something for the child that they’re capable of doing themselves
Baumrind’s 4 dimensions: level of communication
- degree to which parents encourage two-way communication
- ex. do parents encourage logical discussion and negotiation around family rules/decisions (to promote appropriate levels of autonomy in kids)?
Baumrind: defining 3 parenting styles based on the 4 dimensions
- Authoritarian – low WR, high CC, high MD, low LC
- Authoritative – high WR, high CC, high MD, high LC
- Permissive – high WR, low CC, low MD, low LC
Baumrind timeline
- 1966/7: initial conceptualization
- 1971: finding support
- 1972: updating styles and dimensions
Maccoby and Martin: parenting styles
- advanced Baumrind’s work by adding a fourth parenting style and reducing the four dimensions to two
- 2 dimensions: level of control/demandingness and level of acceptance
- 4 parenting styles:
- Authoritarian (power-assertive) – high; low
- Authoritative (reciprocal) – high; high
- Indulgent (permissive) – low; high
- Neglecting (uninvolved) – low; low
Annette Lareau parenting styles: diagram of variables in her research question
- parents’ social class (working or middle) –> parenting style –> child outcomes
- parenting style either relates to accomplishment of natural growth or concerted cultivation
Annette Lareau parenting styles: Accomplishment of Natural Growth vs. Concerted Cultivation
- Accomplishment of Natural Growth:
- related to working class
- letting kids play and develop skills on own (ie. playing outside) rather than through organized activities
- using directives and not intervening
- Concerted Cultivation:
- related to middle class
- focused effort to develop skills through organized activities (ie. finding the best hockey team); parents’ responsibility to seek out those opportunities
- eliciting children’s thoughts and intervening
Annette Laureau parenting styles: 4 dimensions
- Directives:
- natural growth: high use of parental directives
- concerted cultivation: parents elicit child thought/feelings
- Interactions:
- natural growth: extensive interactions with kin & family members
- concerted cultivation: arrange interactions with friends/peers with similar interests in order to cultivate talent
- Leisure activities:
- natural growth: children participate in few organized leisure activities
- concerted cultivation: extensive participation in organized leisure activities
- Intervening:
- natural growth: parents don’t intervene with institutions (or institutional members) on the child’s behalf (tell their children to do it; “you need to talk to the teacher and ask her why you got that grade”)
- concerted cultivation: intensive intervening with institutions on child’s behalf
