World War I (1914-1918)

Question 1

Dual Alliance

Answer 1

a secret treaty between Germany and A-H, lasted from 1879-1918

Question 2

Algeciras Conference

Answer 2

-1906, Germans tried to persuade France to turn against Great Britain
-Brought Britain and France closer together
==> hostility towards Germany

Question 3

Militarism

Answer 3

Arms race between Great Britain and Germany, Germany wanted to rival British navy
==> worsening pressures

Question 4

Balkan Crisis

Answer 4

First Balkan Crisis

• 1874-1878
• Bosnia and Herzegovina rebelled against Ottomans, Serbia declared war on Ottomans, Russia (protector of the Balkans, pan-Slavism) declared war on Ottomans as well
• Britain supported Ottomans

Second Balkan Crisis

• 1885
• territorial disputes between Serbia and Bulgaria
• A-H supported Bulgaria, Germany supported A-H
• ended Alliance of the Three Emperors

Third Balkan Crisis

• 1912-1913
• Italy in conflict with Ottoman Empire over holdings along Adriatic Sea

Question 5

pan-Slavism

Answer 5

aimed at the unity of all Slavic peoples, Russia was sympathetic to this

Question 6

Balkan Wars

Answer 6

First Balkan War
-Serbia took Macedonia in 1912

Second Balkan War

• 1913
• Serbia attacked Bulgaria in hopes of getting a seaport
• Russia supported Serbia, A-H supported Bulgaria
• Serbs angry at A-H support of Bulgaria and its continued occupation of Bosnia-Herzegovina

Third Balkan War
-a.k.a World War I

Question 7

Imperialism

Answer 7

see Kruger Telegram and Moroccan Crisis

Question 8

Moroccan Crisis

Answer 8

• 1911, German gunboat sent to Morocco to protest French occupation of the city of Fez
• Britain supported France
• Germany backed off

Question 9

Schlieffen Plan

Answer 9

Strategy: defeat France quickly, hold off Russia, invade France through Belgium
Failed because: Belgians resisted, Russians mobilized quickly and thus drew Germans to the Eastern Front, the French counterattacked at the BATTLE OF THE MARNE to stop the German drive towards Paris

Question 10

Galliope Campaign

Answer 10

British campaign to knock Turkey (became a Central Power) out of the war by landing at the Dardanelles, it failed

Question 11

Lusitania

Answer 11

sinking of this American passenger ship helped turn American public opinion against Germany

Question 12

The Fourteen Points

Answer 12

Wilson
1. end to secret treaties
2. freedom of the seas
3. free trade 
4. arms reduction
5. just settlement of colonial claims
6-13. evacuation of occupied territories and national self-determination
14. the establishment of a League of Nations

Question 13

Treaty of Versailles

Answer 13

BIG FOUR: Wilson, David Lloyd George, Georges Clemenceau, Vittorio Orlando (US, Britain, France, Italy) made all the decisions; the Central Powers were excluded

1. Certain German territories were ceded to Allies (Alsace ==> France, Schleswig ==> Denmark, West Prussia ==> Poland, (the mineral rich) Saar ==> France_
2. Germany given the guilt for the war
3. German navy and army reduced
4. demilitarization and occupation of the Rhineland
5. Germany had to pay indemnities totaling $33 billion

Question 14

Command economy

Answer 14

an economy in which production, investment, prices, and incomes are determined centrally by a government.

Question 15

World War I- general/ impact

Answer 15

-empires that fell: German, Russian, Austro-Hungarian, Ottoman
-Britain and France’s economies in shambles after war
-first “total war”- effort of civilian populations; rationing, both sexes in war plants, propaganda
-triumph of communism in Russia
-basis for smaller nation states (Yugoslavia, Czechoslovakia, Austria, Hungary)
==> US becomes greatest producer
-unresolved issues ==> WWII

Question 16

Long Term Causes of WWI

Answer 16

MILITARISM
ALLIANCES
IMPERIALISM
NATIONALISM

Question 17

Progression of alliances

Answer 17

1. Three Emperors League of 1873 (Germany, Russia, and Austria-Hungary)
   - didn’t last because Russia left
   - conflict in Turkey
2. Dual Alliance (Germany and A-H)
3. Alliance of the Three Emperors (1881, Germany, Russia, and Austria)
4. Triple Alliance (1882-1915, Italy, Austria, and Germany) ==> the CENTRAL POWERS (+ Bulgaria) (Italy switched sides in 1915)
   - ————————-
   - Anglo-Japanese Alliance (1902-1915)
   - Anglo-French Entente
   - Anglo-Russo Alliance
   - Triple Entente
   - ALLIED POWERS: Russia, England, France, and eventually US

Question 18

Bismarckian Alliance System

Answer 18

in this system no one declared war because they knew the alliances would make war too costly

Question 19

Boer Wars

Answer 19

• Great Britain lost to South Africans

- Kruger Telegram- Germany congratulated the Boers, increased international tensions

Question 20

Outbreak of WWI

Answer 20

Assassination of Archduke Francis Ferdinand

• Serbian officials had plotted the murder
• Austria wanted to crush Serbia with German help
• Kaiser Wilhelm II issued the BLANK CHECK, promising backing Austria for any action it might take

Austrian ultimatum to Serbia

Austria declared war on Serbia

Germany declared war on Russia

France declared war on Germany

Britain declared war on Germany after it violated Belgian neturality

Question 21

Western Front vs. Eastern Front

Answer 21

WESTERN FRONT:
-stalemated into trench warfare

EASTERN FRONT:
-remained a mobile war