Democracy, Depression, Dictatorship, Aggression (1919-1939)

Question 1

The Irish Question

Answer 1

the granting of eventual independence to Southern Ireland

Question 2

Statute of Westminster

Answer 2

formally recognized the equality of British Dominions, set up a Commonwealth of Nations

Question 3

Commonwealth of Nations

Answer 3

enjoyed special trading privileges

Question 4

Raymond Poincaré

Answer 4

• prime minister of France
• sent French troops to occupy the mineral rich Ruhr Valley when Germany didn’t pay the whole reparations bill
• his tax and spending reforms led to a temporary resurgence in prosperity until the Great Depression

Question 5

Dawes/Young Plan

Answer 5

diminished German reparations and French ability to collect them

Question 6

tariffs

Answer 6

taxes on imports, contributed to the Great Depression by diminishing foreign markets and limiting the ability of Europeans to pay off their war debts to the US

Question 7

age of anxiety

Answer 7

after WWI, the disruption and carnage of WWI, collapse of the “old order,” new ways to portray humanity

Question 8

Friedrich Nietzsche

Answer 8

German philosopher who attributed the decline of Western Civilization to the slave morality of Christian ethics; God is dead, morality is outworn.

Question 9

Sigmund Freud

Answer 9

unconscious forces, balancing the id, ego, and superego

Question 10

Max Planck

Answer 10

atoms are not the basic building blocks of the universe

Question 11

stream of consciousness

Answer 11

the portrayal of an individual’s random thoughts and feelings, used to emphasize the irrational aspects of the human condition

Question 12

James Joyce

Answer 12

an Irish novelist, used the stream of consciousness

Question 13

Virginia Woolf

Answer 13

English fictional writer, used the stream of consciousness

Question 14

Werner Heisenberg

Answer 14

uncertainty principle

Question 15

uncertainty principle

Answer 15

a particle’s velocity or position- but not both- could be calculated; fundamental anxiety about the nature of matter

Question 16

expressionism

Answer 16

abstract and nonrepresentational, van Gogh, used bold colors and images to focus on emotions and imagination

Question 17

impressionism

Answer 17

Monet, impression of the scene infused with the painter’s emotion

Question 18

cubism

Answer 18

Pablo Picasso, the depiction of mood through the use of geometric angles, planes, and clashing lines

Question 19

surrealsim

Answer 19

An artistic movement that displayed vivid dream worlds and fantastic unreal images

Question 20

functionalism

Answer 20

buildings designed with practicality and clean lines rather than ornamentation

Question 21

cult of celebrity

Answer 21

the ironic glorification of the personalities who portrayed people other than themselves, born with the advent of movies

Question 22

The Great Depression

Answer 22

-1929-1939
IN THE US:
-Roaring Twenties hid problems
-Stock market crash
-causes: buying stocks on margins, stock bubble, wartime economy ==> peaceful economy, changes in international patterns of trade, declines in consumption as a result of WWI
-American and European economies were interdependent ==> global breakdown

IN ENGLAND

• the National Party (coalition of Labourites and Conservatives)
• reorganized industry, abandoned free trade, reformed finances, cut government spending
• came out of depression through rearmament

IN FRANCE

• increased class tensions
• ==> radical right wing movement: pro-Fascist riots, the Popular Front (coalition of socialists, republicans, labor unionists, and Communists - opposed fascism, supported reform and upholding the republic)
• Leon Blum became prime minister under the Popular Front banner, instituted the French New Deal

Question 23

John Maynard Keynes

Answer 23

• had predicted the Great Depression
• deficit spending theories
• government involvement

Question 24

Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC)

Answer 24

protected individual depositors against bank failures (US)

Question 25

The New Deal

Answer 25

• FDR
• involvement of government in the economy, series of acts
• based of Keynes’ ideas
• helped preserve capitalism

Question 26

French New Deal

Answer 26

offered labor and agricultural reforms similar to those in the US, but ineffective at ending the depression

Question 27

Benito Mussolini

Answer 27

• editor of a socialist newspaper
• organized the Fascist party, a combination of socialism and nationalism
• his blackshirts attacked the Communists (got support from people who were afraid of communism)
• promised to protect private property, won support of conservative classes, and abandoned socialist programs

ITALIAN FASCISM: the corporate state as the economic core; labor unions manage and control industry, unions set up political agenda, workers don’t make political decisions, authority flowed from the top

Creation of the totalitarian state: rigged elections, terrorizing opponents, independent labor unions ==> government controlled syndicates, right to vote limited, organization of corporations replaced parliamentary government

Fascist accomplishments: internal improvements, suppression of the Mafia and improvement of the justice system, Lateran Pact (1929) reconciled issues with the papacy, trains on schedule

Failures: suppression of democracy, terrorism, poor industrial growth, attempt to recapture imperialistic glories of ancient Rome ==> disastrous involvements in war

Question 28

Fascist

Answer 28

revolutionaries determined to create a new totalitarian state based on extreme nationalism and militarism

Question 29

March on Rome

Answer 29

• Oct 1922
• Fascists marched
• the gov collapsed and Mussolini organized the new government
• Victor Emmanuel III granted him dictatorial powers

Question 30

Weimar Constitution

Answer 30

• drafted 1919
• directly elected president and parliament (Reichstag), set up senate (Reichsrat), a chancellor who represented majority party in Reichstag, and a cabinet
• printed paper currency to pay workers that went on strike in Ruhr Valley because of French occupation

Question 31

Adolf Hitler

Answer 31

• leader of the Nazi (National Socialist German Workers Party) Party
• failed Munich Beer Hall Putsch coup ==> sentenced to jail
• came to power by legal means; von Hindenburg invited him to form a government as chancellor
• Reichstag building fire ==> Hitler declared emergency powers from his government
• outlawed all political parties but Nazis
• use of secret police force
• labor unions outlawed
• full employment with arms production
• wanted autarchy- economic self-sufficiency

Question 32

Mein Kampf

Answer 32

• Hitler wrote this blueprint for domination of Germany and eventually Europe while in prison
• Germany was never defeated in WWI, it was betrayed by Jews and socialists
• Treaty of Versailles was a humiliation
• Germans were a master race, needed lesbensraum

Question 33

Dachau

Answer 33

first concentration camp

Question 34

Nuremberg Laws

Answer 34

1935

stripped Jews of their rights as citizens

Question 35

Kristallnacht

Answer 35

Night of Broken Glass

Nazi mobs wrecked Jewish temples

Question 36

Holocaust

Answer 36

systematic extermination of Jews throughout Germany and eventually Europe
began in 1938

Question 37

Anti-Comintern Pact

Answer 37

signed by Germany and Japan, promised a common front against communism