The Growth of European Nation States in the 1500s and 1600s

Question 1

Prince Henry the Navigator

Answer 1

explored the South Atlantic

Question 2

Diaz, de Gama, and Cabral

Answer 2

explored the coast of Africa, eventually established trading posts in India

Question 3

Christopher Columbus

Answer 3

opened up the “New World”

Question 4

Magellan

Answer 4

Circumnavigated the globe

Question 5

Cortes

Answer 5

conquered the Aztecs

Question 6

Pizzaro

Answer 6

conquered the Incas

Question 7

Suleiman the Magnificent

Answer 7

attacked Austria in 1683, failed and Austrians eventually gained control of Bohemia, Hungary, and Transylvania

Question 8

Philip II

Answer 8

the Spanish king which the United Provinces of the Netherlands revolted against
Spain reached its peak of power under him

Question 9

Ivan the Terrible

Answer 9

(r. 1547-1584)

autocratic expansionist, limited the power of the boyars, solidified the role of the czar

Question 10

Time of Troubles

Answer 10

after Ivan the Terrible
civil war and lack of heir
Romanov dynasty was established in 1613 by the nobles

Question 11

Peter the Great

Answer 11

Westernized Russia; Russia became a great European power
formed a powerful standing army, a civil service, and an educational system
boyars and streltsy

Question 12

Frederick William

Answer 12

(r. 1713-1740)
solidified rule in Prussia
Junkers - military

Question 13

Francis I

Answer 13

(r. 1515-1547)
consolidated absolutism in France
instituted the taille

Question 14

Concordat of Bologna

Answer 14

Francis I and the Pope
the Pope has the right to connect annates (1st year’s revenue from Church offices) in return for the power to nominate high officials in the French church
effectively nationalized the church and increased the power of the monarchy

Question 15

Henry II

Answer 15

(r. 1547-1559)

actively persecuted the Huguenots

Question 16

Edict of Toleration

Answer 16

halted the religious war

issued by Catherine de Medici

Question 17

Catherine de Medici

Answer 17

wife of Henry II

regent of Charles IX

Question 18

Massacre of St. Bartholomew’s Day

Answer 18

Catholic mobs slaughtered Huguenot leaders

Question 19

Henry IV

Answer 19

Henry of Navarre
(r. 1589-1610)
converted to Catholicism
Edict of Nantes

Question 20

Edict of Nantes

Answer 20

“Paris is worth a mass”

granted Huguenots rights

Question 21

Duke of Sully

Answer 21

Henry IV’s financial minister
reformed tax collection system, improved transportation, stimulated trade and industry, fostered prosperity → increase in power and prestige of monarchy

Question 22

Cardinal Richelieu

Answer 22

prime minister from 1624-1642
appointed by Louis XIII
intendant system (bourgeois officials supervised provinces and diminished power of the nobility, answered to the king), strengthened commerce and industry
strengthened absolutism

Question 23

Louis XIV

Answer 23

the Sun King
ruled by divine right
Versailles
Wars- an instrument of his foreign policy

Question 24

Louis XIV’s wars

Answer 24

*War of Devolution (1667-1668): failed to seize Spanish Netherlands as a feudal claim

*Failed invasion of the Dutch Rhineland/ The Second Dutch War (1672-1678)
Louis XVI vs. William III of Orange

*Nine Years War (1689-1697)
Louis’ expansionist aggression stopped by the League of Augsburg (Holland, Spain, HRE, and England)

*War of Spanish Succession (1701-1714)
Louis laid claim to the Spanish throne for his Grandson, the Grand Alliance stopped this

Question 25

Mazarin

Answer 25

Prime minister of Louis XVI

Question 26

Wars of Fronde

Answer 26

nobles fought with the monarch to decentralize the government in order to extend their influence
allied with Spain
lost to Mazarin

Question 27

divine right theory of rule

Answer 27

Bossuet

the monarch is placed on the throne by God and therefore he has absolute monarch

Question 28

Jean Baptiste Colbert

Answer 28

“The Father of French Mercantilism”
abolished internal tariffs
stimulated industry, built up military (France had Europe’s first modern army)

Question 29

Henry VII

Answer 29

(r. 1485-1509)
First of the Tudor Monarchs
established strong central monarchy
regulated trade → more revenue from middle class
raised a standing army, kept the nobility in check

Question 30

War of the Roses

Answer 30

(1455-1487)
power struggle between House of Lancaster and House of York, ended when Henry VII married a York, unifying the two houses.

Question 31

Henry VIII

Answer 31

(r.1509-1547)
English Reformation
Act of Supremacy

Question 32

Mary Tudor

Answer 32

(r.1553-1558)
married to Philip II
Roman Catholic
Bloody Mary- attempted to reinstitute Catholicism

Question 33

Elizabeth I

Answer 33

(r. 1558-1603)
Virgin Queen
politique- state was more important than religion, practiced moderate protestantism (Thirty Nine Articles - vague), remained unmarried and used it to her advantage politically.

Question 34

The Thirty-Nine Articles

Answer 34

1563

Protestant doctrine, was vague enough to accommodate most English (except Puritans)

Question 35

Led the English to the victory over the Spanish Armada

Answer 35

Sir Francis Drake

Question 36

James I

Answer 36

(r. 1603-1625)
son of Mary Queen of Scots
didn’t consult with Parliament
Guy Fawkes- Gunpowder Plot
dissolved Parliament when it said that the king must rule with Parliament in conjunction, couldn’t levy taxes w/o its consent

Question 37

Charles I

Answer 37

(r. 1625-1649)
also dealt with Parliament poorly
Parliament issued the Petition of Right- Parliament alone can levy taxes, no martial law in peacetime, no quartering of soldiers in private homes, imprisonment requires a specific charge
he had to call Parliament again because he needed to pay indemnities because of the Bishops War → Long Parliament
Long Parliament (1640-1660): demanded that Charles impeach his top advisers, allow Parliament to meet every three years w/o his summons, he cannot dissolve Parliament w/o its consent
Charles attempted to arrest opposition members → Parliament took control of the Army