19th Century "-Isms": Nationalism, Ideologies, and Culture

Question 1

Age of Nationalism

Answer 1

after 1848 nationalism became more prevalent, supremacy of the nation-state

Question 2

Otto Von Bismarck

Answer 2

• appointed chancellor by Kaiser Wilhelm I
• unification through “blood and iron”
• realpolitik (“power politics” - practical, not based on ideology)

UNIFICATION:

1. got Schleswig from war with Denmark
2. Austro Prussian War
3. Franco Prussian War

THE EMPIRE UNDER BISMARCK:

• elected Reichstag had no real power; chancellor responsible to the kaiser
• Kulturkampf (cultural conflicts)- Bismarck repressed Catholics and socialists
• sponsored social reforms (workmen’s compensation, old-age pensions, medical protection - created an advanced social welfare system) so the Social Democratic Party wouldn’t become more popular

BISMARCK’S FALL:
-Wilhelm II (r. 1888-1918) dismissed him

Question 3

Austro-Prussian War

Answer 3

• 1866
• Prussians defeated Austria
• North German Confederation created in 1867

Question 4

Franco-Prussian War

Answer 4

• 1870
• Ems dispatch
• Prussia came together with southern German states to defeat France ==> unification achieved after this
• Treaty of Frankfurt gave Alsace-Lorraine to Germany, imposed an indemnity on the French

Question 5

Guiseppe Garibaldi

Answer 5

-Italian nationalist, helped in unification, romantic republican nationalist

Question 6

Camilo de Cavour

Answer 6

• united Italy through Sardinia
• reform in Italy: weakened influence of papacy, invested in public works, abolished internal tariffs, emancipated peasantry, Sardinian gov = model of progressive constitutionalism

UNIFICATION:

• Cavour got Napoleon III (was given Nice and Savoy) to support him into provoking Austria into war
• Napoleon III withdrew
• Austria still had Venetia
• Garibaldi invaded Sicily, subdued Naples

Question 7

Victor Emmanuel II

Answer 7

first king of the united Italy (constitutional monarchy)

Question 8

Liberalism

Answer 8

• legal equality, freedom of the press, freedom of assembly and speech, representative government
• moderate social reform, laissez-faire
• espoused mostly by the middle class

Question 9

Socialism

Answer 9

• government control of property
• economic equality
• government economic planning

Question 10

Romanticism

Answer 10

• reaction to the rationalism and restraint of the Enlightenment
• express emotions
• awe of nature
• nationalism

Question 11

Impressionism

Answer 11

• brought the artist’s personal visual experience to the painting
• personal “impression”

Question 12

Realism

Answer 12

• literary movement, middle of 19th c
• determinism- belief that human nature and destiny are formed by heredity and the environment, behavior is governed by natural laws
• focus on the here and now, portray reality