Protestant Reformation, Catholic and Counter-Reformations, Wars of Religion (1517-1648)

Question 1

Johann Tetzel

Answer 1

sold indulgences to rebuild St. Peter’s Church in Rome, made Luther mad

Question 2

Pope Leo X

Answer 2

condemned Luther, issued a papal bull which Luther burned

Question 3

Frederick the Wise (Elector of Saxony)

Answer 3

protected Luther

Question 4

Charles V

Answer 4

Holy Roman Emperor (r.1519-1558)

unable to suppress the growth of Protestantism

Question 5

Indulgences

Answer 5

If bought, were supposed to save you/loved one from hell; guaranteed remission of sins

Question 6

Martin Luther

Answer 6

Roman Catholic priest, Augustinian monk, theologian at University of Wittenburg
salvation by faith alone
the Bible is the ultimate authority
the grace of God brings absolution
Baptism and communion are the only valid sacraments
Transubstantiation- God is actually present
clergy is not superior to the laity
church < state
translated the Bible into the vernacular → influenced modern German language

Question 7

Diet of Worms

Answer 7

1521

Luther stood behind his ideas

Question 8

The Peasant’s War

Answer 8

1524-1526
peasants demanded the abolishment of manorialism
Luther condemned it

Question 9

Diet of Speyer

Answer 9

1529

refused to recognize the right of the German princes to determine the religion of their subjects

Question 10

League of Schmalkalden

Answer 10

Alliance of German princes who supported the Reformation because it would give them more political power away from the church and HRE Charles V

Question 11

Zwingli

Answer 11

Switzerland
Transubstantiation- symbolic
Peace of Cappell allowed each canton to determine each religion

Question 12

Pope Paul III

Answer 12

(r. 1534-1549)

first of the “reform popes”

Question 13

John Calvin

Answer 13

theocracy

predestination

Question 14

The Statute of the Six Articles

Answer 14

King Henry VIII

Upheld the seven sacraments, Catholic theology, monarch > pope

Question 15

Jesuits

Answer 15

counter-reformation
required its members to have absolute faith
suppressed protestantism
established schools

Question 16

Anabaptists

Answer 16

preached adult total-immersion baptism

Question 17

Millenarians

Answer 17

expected the return of Christ

Question 18

Index of Prohibited Books

Answer 18

1542

instituted in Catholic countries to stop them from reading heretic material

Question 19

Peace of Augsburg

Answer 19

1555

“Whose the region, his the religion”

Question 20

The Thirty Year’s War (1618-1648)

Answer 20

Bohemian Phase
Defenestration of Prague
Frederick V (Calvinist installed as king) vs. Ferdinand II (HRE)
Ferdinand II victorious

The Danish Phase
Christian IV of Denmark vs. Ferdinand II with Albert of Wallenstein
Edict of Restitution

The Swedish Phase
Richelieu (concerned with Habsburg gains) convinced Gustavus Aldophus (Swedish) to fight for Protestants
Peace of Prague revoked the Edict of Restitution

Swedish-French Phase
French entered on Swedish side

The Peace of Westphalia 
1648
reinstated Treaty of Augsburg
validated Calvinism
German princes made sovereign powers (limiting power of HRE)
the war devastated Germany

Question 21

Baroque Art

Answer 21

emotional

goal to overpower the senses