The Growth and Suppression of Democracy from the Age of Metternich to the First World War

Question 1

The Great Reform Bill (1832)

Answer 1

abolished rotten boroughs, broadened the electorate, empowered the industrial middle class

Question 2

Chartist Movement

Answer 2

represented demands by radical working-class advocates. Wanted:
-universal male suffrage
-secret ballot
-abolition of property qualifications to run for office
-public education for all classes
failed, but all eventually incorporated

Question 3

Revolutions of 1848

Answer 3

FRANCE:

• unpopular Louis Phillipe and Guizot
• political banquets outlawed
• Louis abdicated, provisional government created
• see Louis Napoleon Bonaparte

GERMAN STATES:

• disturbances in Berlin, wanted rights in response to other revolutions
• Frederick William IV wrote a constitution which instituted three class voting in which people with more ability to pay taxes had more voting power and the wealthiest 5% elected parliament

HABSBURG EMPIRE:

• Vienna: Louis Kossuth, Habsburgs abolished serfdom out of fear of uprisings, committee of 200 people governed
• Magyars: March Laws (equality of religion, jury trials, election of lower chamber of diet, relatively free press, nobility pay taxes), eventually got Dual Monarchy
• Czechs: wanted more equality in Habsburg Empire, Pan Slavic Conference

ITALY: Mazzini and Garibaldi, revolt in Milan, failed attempt to get Pope Pius IX to help

POLAND: Prussians supported Polish revolt to weaken Russians, the Poles and Prussians ended up in conflict

Question 4

William E. Gladstone

Answer 4

Liberal prime minister, attempted to expand voter eligibility in 1866 but was defeated. When he returned to office in 1868:
-legalized labor unions
-introduced the secret ballot
-free public education
-pro- home rule for Ireland (not all liberals did ==> created a split)
In 1880 passed the Third Reform Act- gave voting to basically all males

Question 5

Age of Metternich

Answer 5

The age of the fall of Napoleon (1815)- Revolutions of 1848 is called this because he had immense influence on European politics. Metternich was Chancellor of Austria and a prototype for conservative leadership.

Question 6

Louis Napoleon Bonaparte

Answer 6

Elected president of the Second French Republic, was conservative, and proclaimed himself Emperor Napoleon III of the Second French Empire. 
First years of reign:
-internal improvements
-subsidies to industry
-stimulation of economy
The Liberal Empire (1860-1870):
-eased censorship
-amnesty to political prisoners
Disastrous foreign affairs:
-Crimean War was costly
-lost to US over establishment of a French satellite in Mexico
-lost in Franco-Prussian War ==> formation of the Third Republic (Chamber of Deputies, elected by universal male suffrage, Senate, elected indirectly, a ceremonial president, elected by whole legislature, and a premier, directly responsible to the Chamber of Deputies; it fell many times, unstable because of multiparty system)

Question 7

Crimean War

Answer 7

1853-1856

French and English went to war to prevent Russians from establishing dominance over the Black Sea

Question 8

Dreyfus Affair

Answer 8

Jewish Army captain was accused of spying by anti-republican conservatives

Question 9

Burschenschafts

Answer 9

radical student organizations in the Germanic Confederation (which had been set up by the Congress of Vienna which wanted a unified Germany governed by constitutional principles

Question 10

Zollverein

Answer 10

set up by Prussia, economic union of 17 German states - eliminated internal tariffs and set the tone for greater union

Question 11

Frankfurt Assembly

Answer 11

discussed the nature of the future union of Germany (lesser vs. greater), Austria backed out so the assembly offered Frederick William IV (r. 1840-1861 of Prussia, created the House of Representatives elected by universal male suffrage but controlled by wealthiest class) the crown of a united Germany, but he refused

Question 12

Carlsbad Decrees/Diet

Answer 12

issued by Metternich, designed to get rid of the liberals

Question 13

Prague Conference

Answer 13

called by the Czechs, Austroslavism- Slavic groups in empire would set up autonomous national governments but still remain a part of the empire. (failed)

Question 14

Compromise of 1867

Answer 14

constitutional government with limited suffrage, Hungarians got internal autonomy, created the dual monarchy of the Austro-Hungarian Empire.

Question 15

Pan-Slavic Movement

Answer 15

independence for ethnic minorities

Question 16

Benjamin Disraeli

Answer 16

Passed the Second Reform Bill (1867)
-doubled the size of the electorate
-gave the vote to many industrial workers
Supported government intervention to help the poor
-Public Health Act
-Poor Laws
Queen Victoria liked him

Question 17

social welfare state

Answer 17

government institutions and laws that guarantee all citizens decent standards of living

Question 18

France after Napoleon

Answer 18

Louis XVIII (r. 1814-1824)
-constitution (that created the Chamber of Deputies- the lower house of the two-house legislature) but gave power to small class of landowners and rich bourgeoise 

Charles X (r. 1824-1830)

• repressive ==> rioting in Paris
• abdicated

Louis Phillipe (r. 1830-1848)

• the “bourgeoise king”
• proletariat unrepresented
• corruption ==> republican and socialist protests ==> he abdicated

==> Chamber of Deputies was pressured to proclaim a republic ==> conflicts between the government and socialist and radical workers

==> Constituent assembly suppressed riots and established the single-chambered Legislative Assembly and a strong president (both elected by universal male suffrage)

==> see Louis Napoleon Bonaparte

Question 19

old liberalism vs. new liberalism

Answer 19

LIBERALISM in general: anyone that challenges traditional political, social, or religious values.
old liberalism: laissez-faire government, moderate political reform
new liberalism: extension of suffrage, improvement of living conditions for all citizens

Question 20

Russia from 1815-1914

Answer 20

ALEXANDER I (r. 1801-1825): modernized gov, more freedom to Jews, but after 1820 statewide adherence to Orthodox Church

DECEMBRIST REVOLT: 1825, confusion about succession, Nicholas I took the throne

NICHOLAS I (r. 1825-1855): “Orthodoxy, Autocracy, Nationality” - prevented spread of Western ideas

ALEXANDER II (r. 1855-1881): abolished serfdom, was murdered by a socialist group