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Positioning ll (mine) > Workbook Self Test: C-spine, T-spine, L-spine, Sacrum and Coccyx > Flashcards

Workbook Self Test: C-spine, T-spine, L-spine, Sacrum and Coccyx Flashcards

1
Q

Which two vertebral curvatures are anteriorly concave?

A

Thoracic and Pelvic

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2
Q

Which two vertebral curves are kyphotic curves?

A

Thoracic and Pelvic

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3
Q

Which two vertebral curves are lordotic curves?

A

Cervical and Lumbar

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4
Q

Which two vertebral curves are primary curves?

A

Thoracic and Pelvic

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4
Q

Which spinal condition involves abnormally increased anterior concavity (posterior convexity) of the thoracic vertebral column?

A

Kyphosis

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5
Q

Which abnormal spinal condition involves any lateral curvature of the vertebral column?

A

Scoliosis

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6
Q

What is the name of the short, thick bony processes that project posteriorly from the lateral and superior aspects of vertebral bodies of typical vertebrae?

A

Pedicles

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7
Q

From the junction of which two vertebral structures do transverse process originate in typical vertebrae?

A

Pedicle and Lamina

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8
Q

Which vertebral structures unite at the origin of the spinous process of a typical vertebra?

A

Both laminae

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9
Q

Which structures of a typical vertebra are the zygapophyses?

A

Articular processes

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10
Q

On which structure is the dens located?

A

C2

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11
Q

Which structures is known as the “atlas”?

A

C1

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12
Q

Which structures is known as the “axis”?

A

C2

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13
Q

Which vertebral structures have bifid tips?

A

Spinous processes of cervical vertebrae

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13
Q

On which structure is the dens located?

A

Body of C2

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14
Q

Which cervical vertebral structures are perforated with a foramen for the passage of the vertebral artery and vein?

A

Transverse processes

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15
Q

With reference to the midsagittal plane, how do zygapophyseal joints open in cervical vertebrae?

A

90 degrees laterally

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16
Q

With reference to the midsagittal plane, how do zygapophyseal joints open in thoracic vertebrae?

A

70 to 75 degrees anteriorly

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17
Q

Thoracic vertebrae differ from cervical and lumbar vertebrae because thoracic vertebrae have:

A

demifacets

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18
Q

Which structures articulate with vertebral demifacets?

A

head of ribs

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19
Q

With reference to the midsagittal plane, how do zygapophyseal joints open in lumbar vertebrae?

A

30 to 60 degrees posteriorly

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20
Q

Lumbar vertebrae differ from cervical and thoracic vertebrae because lumbar vertebrae have:

A

broad, large spinous processes

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21
Q

Which parts of the sacrum form the joints with the ilia of the pelvis?

A

Auricular surfaces

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22
Q

The AP projection that demonstrates the dens using the Fuchs method differs from the AP projection (open mouth) because the Fuchs method:

A

Extends the chin and keeps the mouth closed

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23
Q

The radiographer should not use the Fuchs method to obtain the AP projection of the dens if the patient is:

A

Suspected to have a fracture or degenerative disease

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24
Q

Which projection of the Cervical vertebrae demonstrates the dens imaged within the foramen magnum?

A

AP projection (Fuchs method)

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25
Q

Which cervical structures are best demonstrated with the AP projection (open mouth)?

A

C1 and C2

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26
Q

How should the central ray be directed for the AP projection (open mouth)?

A

perpendicularly

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27
Q

How and where should the central ray be directed for the AP axial projection of the cervical vertebral column?

A

15 to 20 degrees cephalad to C4

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28
Q

How should the IR be positioned for the AP axial projection of the cervical vertebral column?

A

Centered to C4

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29
Q

For which projection of the cervical vertebrae should the central ray be angled 15 to 20 degrees cephalad?

A

AP axial projection

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30
Q

Which evaluation criterion does not apply to the AP axial projection of the cervical vertebrae column?

A

C1 and C2 should be seen without mandibular superimposition

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31
Q

Which projection of the cervical vertebral column requires an SID of 72 inches?

A

Lateral projection

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32
Q

Which maneuver should be used to help obtain maximum depression of the shoulders in the lateral projection of the cervical vertebral column?

A

Suspend respiration after full expiration

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33
Q

What should be done so that the magnified shoulder farthest from the IR is projected below the lower cervical vertebrae for the lateral projections of the cervical vertebrae?

A

direct a horizontal central ray to C4

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34
Q

What should be done to prevent mandibular rami from superimposing cervical vertebrae in the lateral projections of the cervical vertebrae column?

A

elevate the chin

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34
Q

What should be done to reduce the magnification caused by the increased object-to-image distance in the lateral projections of the cervical vertebrae?

A

Use a 72 inch

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35
Q

What is the recommended size of the collimated field for the lateral projection of the cervical vertebrae?

A

8 x 10 inches

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36
Q

Which projection of the cervical vertebrae demonstrates the spinous processes elevated and widely separated?

A

Hyperflexion lateral projection

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37
Q

Which projection of the cervical vertebrae demonstrates spinous processes depressed and in close approximation?

A

Hyperextension lateral projection

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38
Q

Which projection for cervical vertebrae must be exposed with a horizontal and perpendicular central ray?

A

Lateral

39
Q

How should the central ray be directed for an AP axial oblique projection of the cervical vertebral column?

A

15 to 20 degrees cephalad

40
Q

How should the central ray be directed for the PA axial oblique projection of the cervical vertebral column?

A

15 to 20 degrees caudad

41
Q

Which projection of the cervical vertebral column best demonstrates the intervertebral foramina?

A

AP axial oblique projection

41
Q

Which position of the cervical vertebral column best demonstrates the left intervertebral foramina when the central ray is angled 15 to 20 degrees cephalad?

A

RPO

41
Q

Which position of the cervical vertebral column best demonstrates the right intervertebral foramina when the central ray is angled 15 to 20 degrees caudad?

A

RAO

42
Q

How many degrees from the supine or the anatomic position should the entire body be rotated for the AP axial Oblique projection of the cervical vertebrae?

A

45 degrees

43
Q

What is the proper amount of head and body rotation for the PA axial Oblique projection of the cervical vertebrae?

A

45 degrees

44
Q

Which evaluation criterion pertains to the AP projections (Fuchs method) of the cervical vertebrae?

A

The entire dens should be seen through the foramen magnum

45
Q

Which evaluation criterion pertains to the AP axial projection of the cervical vertebrae column?

A

The spinous processes should be equidistant to the pedicles

46
Q

Which evaluation criterion pertains to the lateral projection of the cervical vertebrae column?

A

All seven cervical vertebrae should be demonstrated

47
Q

Which evaluation criterion pertains to the AP axial Oblique projection of the cervical vertebrae column?

A

The intervertebral foramina should be open with foramina farthest from IR well demonstrated

48
Q

Which evaluation criterion pertains to PA axial oblique projections of the cervical vertebrae column?

A

The intervertebral foramina should be open with foramina closest to the IR well demonstrated

49
Q

Which projection should be included in a cervical series if the lateral projection does not demonstrate the C7 vertebra?

A

Lateral projection (swimmer’s technique)

50
Q

For the lateral projection (swimmer’s technique) of the cervical vertebrae, how and where should the central ray be directed?

A

Perpendicular to the intervertebral disks space of C7 and T1

51
Q

Which of the following structures are best demonstrated with the lateral projection (swimmer’s technique)?

A

Lower cervical and upper thoracic vertebrae

52
Q

For the AP projections of the thoracic vertebral column, where should the central ray be centered on the anterior chest wall?

A

At a point halfway between the jugular notch and the xiphoid process

53
Q

With reference to the patient, where should the top border of the IR or collimated field be position for the AP projections of the thoracic vertebrae?

A

1 1/2 to 2 inches above the top of the shoulders

54
Q

For the AP projections of the thoracic vertebral column with the patient in the supine position, why should the patient’s hip and knees be flexed?

A

To reduce kyphosis

55
Q

Which projection most requires usage if the anode heel effect to improve its image quality?

A

AP projection of the thoracic vertebral column

56
Q

Which projection best demonstrates the intervertebral foramina of the thoracic vertebral column?

A

Lateral projection

57
Q

What structures are not well visualized on a lateral projection of the thoracic vertebrae?

A

T1 to T3

58
Q

To what level of the body should the central ray be directed for the lateral projection of the thoracic vertebrae?

A

Inferior angle of the scapula (T7)

59
Q

What compensation should be made in the lateral projection of the thoracic vertebral column on a recumbent patient when the lower thoracic region is not parallel with the table?

A

Angle the central ray 10 to 15 degrees cephalad

60
Q

Which of the following would improve visualization of the spinous processes and overall image quality on the lateral projection of the thoracic vertebrae?

A

Placing lead rubber on the table behind the patient

61
Q

Which projection of the vertebral column best demonstrates kyphosis?

A

Lateral projection of the thoracic vertebral column

62
Q

column which projection of the vertebral column best demonstrates scoliosis?

A

PA projections of the thoracolumbar vertebral column

63
Q

Which projection of the vertebral column best demonstrates lordosis?

A

Lateral projection of the lumbar vertebral column

64
Q

Why should the patient flex the hips and knees for the AP projection of the lumbar vertebrae?

A

To reduce lumbar lordosis

65
Q

Where should the central ray be centered on the patient for the AP projections of the lumbosacral vertebrae?

A

On MSP at the level of the iliac crests

66
Q

When it is recommended that the collimated field size for an AP projection of the lumbar vertebrae be open up to 14 x 17 inches?

A

For trauma patients for visualization of the liver, kidney, spleen, and posas muscle margins along with air or gas patterns

67
Q

Which plane or line of the patient should be centered on midline of the table for the AP projections of the lumbar vertebral column?

A

misagittal

68
Q

Where should the central ray be directed for the AP projections of only the lumbar vertebrae?

A

L4

69
Q

Which plane or line of the patient should be centered on the midline of the table for the lateral projection of the lumbar vertebral column?

A

Midcoronal

70
Q

Which projection of the lumbar vertebrae best demonstrates intervertebral foramina?

A

Lateral projection

71
Q

How many degrees and in which direction should the central ray be directed for the lateral projection of the lumbar vertebrae when the vertebral column is positioned parallel with the table?

A

Perpendicular

72
Q

How many degrees and in which direction should the central ray be directed for the lateral projection of L5-S1 when the vertebral column is positioned parakllel with the table?

A

Perpendicular

72
Q

How many degrees and in which direction should the central ray be directed for the lateral projection of the lumbar vertebrae when the vertebral column is not parallel with the table?

A

5 degrees caudad for males, 8 degrees caudad for females

73
Q

Which projection of the lumbar vertebrae best demonstrates the zygapophyseal joints?

A

AP oblique projection

73
Q

Which vertebral structures are best demonstrated with the AP oblique projection of the lumbar vertebral column with the patient positioned in a 45 degree RPO?

A

Zygapophyseal joints of the right side

74
Q

which vertebral structures are best demonstrated if a supine patient is rotated 45 degrees with the right side elevated and a perpendicular central ray is directed at the third lumbar vertebra?

A

Zygapophyseal joints on the left side

75
Q

Which vertebral structures are best demonstrated with the AP oblique projection of the lumbar vertebral column with the patient positioned I a 45 degrees LPO?

A

Zygapophyseal joints of the left side

76
Q

Which positioning error most likely occured if thezygapophyseal joints were not well demonstrated and the pedicle was quite anterior on the vertebral body in an image of an AP oblique projection of the lumbar vertebrae?

A

The patient was not rotated enough

77
Q

Which positioning error most likely occured if the zygapophyseal joints were not well demonstrated and the pedicle was quite posterior on the vertebral body in an image of an AP oblique projection of the lumbar vertebrae?

A

The patient was rotated too much

78
Q

which projection of the vertebral column demonstrates “Scotie dog”?

A

Oblique projection of the lumbar vertebral column

79
Q

What is demonstrated if the “Scotie dog” is well visualized?

A

Zygapophyseal joints of the lumbar vertebrae

80
Q

How many degrees of body rotation are necessary for the AP oblique projection of the lumbar vertebrae?

A

45 degrees

81
Q

Which projection of the lumbar vertebrae requires MSP positioned perpendicular to the IR?

A

AP projection

82
Q

Which projection of the lumbar vertebrae requires MSP be positioned parallel with IR

A

Lateral projection

83
Q

How many degrees and in which direction should they central ray be directed for an AP axial projection of the lumbosacral junction and SI joints?

A

30 to 35 degrees cephalad

84
Q

Which projection best demonstrates the right SI joint?

A

AP oblique projection with the patient in the LPO position

85
Q

Which projection best demonstrates the left SI joint?

A

AP oblique projection with the patient in the RPO position

86
Q

How many degrees of body rotation from the supine position are required for an AP oblique projection of the SI joints?

A

25 to 30 degrees

87
Q

How many degrees and in which direction should the central ray be directed for AP axial projections of the sacrum?

A

15 degrees cephalad

88
Q

How many degrees and in which direction should the central ray be directed if it is necessary to have the patient prone for a PA axial projection of the sacrum?

A

15 degrees caudad

89
Q

How many degrees and in which direction should the central ray be directed for an AP axial projection of the coccyx?

A

10 degrees caudad

90
Q

How many degrees and in which direction should the central ray be directed if it is necessary to have the patient prone for a PA axial projection of the coccyx?

A

10 degrees cephalad

91
Q

How many degrees and in which direction should the central ray be directed for the lateral projection of the sacrum?

A

Perpendicular

92
Q

How many degrees and in which direction should the central ray be directed for the lateral projection of the coccyx?

A

Perpendicular

93
Q

Which projection of the Ferguson method should be performed to evaluate scoliosis best?

A

Upright PA

Positioning ll (mine) (16 decks)

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