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Positioning ll (mine) > Digestive System: Alimentary Canal > Flashcards

Digestive System: Alimentary Canal Flashcards

1
Q

A musculomembranous tube that extends from the mouth to the anus

A

Alimentary Canal

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2
Q

*Long muscular tube
*Functions to convey food and saliva from laryngopharynx to stomach

A

Esophagus

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3
Q

Components of the Alimentary Canal:

A

*Mouth
*Pharynx
-esophagus
*Stomach
*Small intestine
*Large intestine (terminated at anus)

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4
Q

Where does the Esophagus originate at?

A

C6

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4
Q

What plane does the Esophagus Lie

A

Lies in midsagittal Plane (MSP)

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5
Q

-passes through diaphragm at T10
-joins stomach at esophagogastric junction at T11

A

Esophagus

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5
Q

Four parts of the stomach:

A

*Cardia
*Fundus
*Body
*Pyloric Portion

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5
Q

Dilated, saclike portion of the digestive tract extending between the esophagus and small intestine

A

Stomach

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5
Q

is superior portion that fills the left hemidiaphragm

A

fundus

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5
Q

Expanded terminal end of the esophagus

A

Cardiac antrum

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5
Q

what is the section surrounding esophageal opening of the stomach

A

Cardia

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5
Q

Inferior surface contains numerous longitudinal folds called:

A

Rugae

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5
Q

located between fundus and pyloric portion

A

body of the stomach

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6
Q

what is the last portion of the stomach

A

pyloric portion

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7
Q

lesser curvature of stomach=

A

right border

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7
Q

consists of the pyloric antrum and narrowed pyloric canal

A

pyloric portion

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7
Q

greater curvature of stomach=

A

Left border

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8
Q

Sharper angle at esophagogastric junction

A

Cardiac notch

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9
Q

what is entrance and exit controlled by

A

sphincters

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10
Q

opening between esophagus and stomach

A

cardiac orifice

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10
Q

what controls the opening between the esophagus and stomach

A

cardiac sphincter

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10
Q

opening between stomach and small intestine

A

pyloric orifice

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11
Q

what is the opening between stomach and small intestine controlled by

A

Pyloric Sphincter

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12
Q

how is the stomach in a hypersthenic body structure

A

Higher and horizontal

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12
Q

how is the stomach in a asthenic body structure

A

lower and more midline

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13
Q

The most superior portion of the stomach is the

A

fundus

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13
Q

Contraction waves by which the digestive tube propels contents toward the rectum

A

Peristalsis

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13
Q

Storage area for food during part of digestion

A

stomach

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13
Q

mechanically breaks down food by churning and peristalisis

A

stomach

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14
Q

secrets acids, enzymes, and other chemical to chemically break down food

A

stomach

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15
Q

average transit time to ileocecal valve is

A

2 to 3 hours

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15
Q

how many waves per minute occur in the filled stomach

A

3 to 4

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15
Q

Radiographic demonstration of the alimentary canal requires what?

A

the use of contrast media

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15
Q

what is the most common contrast for the alimentary canal

A

Barium sulfate

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15
Q

average emptying time for stomach

A

2 to 3 hours

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16
Q

what is another form of contrast media that can be used

A

water soluble iodinated contrast

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17
Q

which solution moves through the GI tract quicker

A

Iodinated solutions move through the GI tract
quicker than barium sulfate

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18
Q

How fast does the iodinated solution clear the stomach?

A

clear the stomach in 1 to 2 hours

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19
Q

what does not adhere as well to esophageal mucosa

A

Iodinated solutions

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19
Q

provide satisfactory
examinations of the stomach, duodenum, and
large intestine

A

Iodinated solutions

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19
Q

Prep for the exam room

A

 Room should be completely prepared before
patient enters.
 Adjust equipment controls to correct settings.
 Have footboard and shoulder supports ready.
 Check filming devices and number of image
receptors (IRs) available.
 Prepare type and amount of contrast.

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20
Q

what is peristalisis affected by

A

Peristalsis affected by body habitus,
pathology, use of narcotic pain medicine,
body position, and respiration

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20
Q

*easily removed by
aspiration before or during surgery
* Also readily absorbed by the body and
excreted by kidneys in cases of perforation

A

water-soluble

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20
Q

Before beginning examination, the
radiographer should

A

*Describe the contrast media and administration
(i.e., taste, enema tip insertion).
* Inform the patient that the room will be darkened
during the procedure.
*Introduce the patient and fluoroscopist to each
other.

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21
Q

what is peristalisis affected by

A

Peristalsis affected by body habitus,
pathology, use of narcotic pain medicine,
body position, and respiration

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22
Q

where is peristalsis greater

A

Peristalsis greatest in stomach and duodenum

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22
Q

Where does peristalsis slow down

A

Slows in distal part of GI tract

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22
Q

What is the challenge of GI radiography

A

to eliminate motion

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23
Q

time for upright position of esophagus

A

0.1 seconds or less

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24
Q

what inhibits respiration for several seconds

A

Deglutition

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25
Q

most exposures for the stomach are made with what breathing

A

Exposures made at the end of expiration in
routine procedures

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25
Q

Peristalsis is affected by

A

-body habitus
-use of narcotic pain medicine
-body position

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25
Q

how much time does hypermotility ( excessive movement) of the stomach require

A

0.1 seconds

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26
Q

normal peristaltic activity of the stomach would require how much time

A

Normal peristaltic activity – exposure time no
longer than 0.2 second
 Never longer than 0.5 second

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26
Q

essential projections of the esophagus

A

-AP or PA
-AP or PA oblique
-Lateral

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26
Q

double contrast

A

barium and carbon dioxide crystals

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27
Q

where is the IR places for AP or PA esophagus

A

IR is placed so that top
is level with the mouth

27
Q

First part of examination for AP or PA esophagus

A

fluoroscopy of swallowing

28
Q

single contrast

A

barium or water soluble , iodinated

28
Q

patient position for AP or PA esophagus

A

 Patient position
 Supine or prone without
rotation
 Head turned to side to
facilitate drinking

29
Q

incucation of problem with portal vein

A

varices

29
Q

where should ir and elevated side of patients be aligned for ap/pa oblique position for the esophagus?

A

Align IR and elevated side
of patient approximately 2
inches (5 cm) lateral to
MSP

29
Q

Criteria for AP or PA esophagus

A

 Esophagus from lower part of
neck to its entrance into the
stomach*
 Esophagus filled with barium*
 Penetration of barium*
 Brightness and contrast
sufficient to visualize the
esophagus through the
superimposed thoracic
vertebrae
 No rotation

30
Q

how long should the patient be NPO for for GI series ?

A

8-9 hours

31
Q

patient position for AP/PA oblique esophagus

A

Recumbent 35- to 40-
degree right anterior oblique
(RAO) or left posterior
oblique (LPO) position

31
Q

What should you see for AP or PA oblique esophagus

A

esophagus between the vertebrae and the heart

31
Q

What is the CR for AP or PA esophagus

A

Central ray (CR)
perpendicular to
midpoint of IR
*Usually at level of T5-T6

31
Q

where does cr enter for AP/PA oblique esophagus

A

CR enters perpendicular to
midpoint of IR
*Enters patient at 2 inches (5
cm) lateral to MSP at level
of T5 or T6

32
Q

The stomach needs to be empty. what should patients not have other than food that could cause to stimulate gastric secretions with them

A

-smoking
-gum

32
Q

indication there is a problem with the portal vein

A

Varices

33
Q

if there is concern for perforation what should you not use?

A

Barium should not be used if concerned for perforation. Gastrografin should be used instead because it is water soluble.

34
Q

Why do we not use gastrograpin

A

Is absorbed by the body it doesn’t coat as much, taste worst chance of perforation

35
Q

When we are laying on our back supine where is the air?

A

the pyloric has the air

36
Q

When we are laying on our back supine where is the barium?

A

barium will be in the fundus

37
Q

Where is the barium when patient is laying on their stomach prone?

A

barium is in the pyloric

38
Q

Where is the air when patients are laying on their stomach prone? PA

A

Air is in the fundus

39
Q

Patient position for Lateral esophagus

A

 Recumbent right or left lateral
position
 Patient should face
radiographer
 Arms forward  Midcoronal plane (MCP)
centered

40
Q

where does the CR enter for lateral esophagus

A

CR enters perpendicular to midpoint of IR
*enters pt. on MCP at level of T5-T6

41
Q

Examination often referred to as a
gastrointestinal series (GI series) or upper
gastrointestinal series (UGI series)

A

Stomach :GI series

42
Q

what may be included in a UGI or GI series:

A

May include:
 Scout (KUB)
 Fluoroscopic and serial radiographic studies of the
esophagus, stomach, and duodenum using
ingested contrast (usually barium)
 When requested, the barium may be imaged as it
traverses the small intestines

43
Q

combination single and double-contrast during the same
procedure

A

biphasic examination

44
Q

GI Series Procedure

A

*Usually begin with patient in upright position,
if possible
* Radiologist may examine heart and lungs
with fluoroscopy and determine whether
stomach is empty
* Radiologist instructs patient to drink cup of
barium
* Esophagus is examined with first two to three
swallows
Spot films made as
needed
* Manual manipulation
used to coat gastric
mucosa
* Spot films may be made
* Patient drinks more
barium to fill stomach
* Spot films taken as needed

45
Q

What does the GI series examination show?

A

Examination determines size, shape, and position of stomach; persitalsis; filling and emptying of the duodenal bulb; and abnormalities in function or contour of anatomy

46
Q

essential projections : stomach and duodenum

A

-PA
-PA OBLIQUE
-AP OBLIQUE
-LATERAL (mediolateral)
-AP

47
Q

Patient position for PA stomach and duodenum

A

recumbent or upright

48
Q

breathing technique for PA stomach and deodenum

A

Exposure made at end of suspended expiration take a deep breath in and below all your air out

49
Q

Where to center ir for PA stomach and duodenum

A

*Center IR 1 to 2 inches (2.5 to 5 cm) above lower rib
margin (level of L1-L2)

50
Q

Where to center IR for upright PA stomach and duodenum

A
  • Upright requires IR centered 3 to 6 inches (7.6 to 15
    cm) lower
51
Q

where should you align the midline of grid for PA stomach and duodenum

A

Align midline of grid to sagittal plane passing
halfway between vertebral column and left lateral
border of abdomen

52
Q

criteria for pa stomach and duodenum

A

*Entire stomach
and duodenal
loop
*Stomach
centered at level
of pylorus
*PA- air in
fundus
*AP- barium in
fundus
Entire stomach and
duodenal loop
* No superimposition of
pylorus and duodenal
bulb
*Duodenal bulb and loop
* Stomach centered at
level of pylorus

53
Q

patient position for PA oblique stomach and deodenum

A

Recumbent RAO position

54
Q

where should midline of ir be aligned for PA oblique stomach and duodenum

A

Midline of IR aligned with sagittal plane passing
midway between vertebral column and lateral
border of elevated side

55
Q

where should IR be centered for PA oblique Stomach and duodenum

A

IR centered to lower rib margin (level of L1-L2)

56
Q

what should you adjust the rotation angle to for PA oblique stomach and duodenum and what does it show?

A

Adjust rotation to 40 to 70 degrees to demonstrate
pyloric canal and duodenum

57
Q

What is the crieteria for PA oblique stomach and duodenum RAO position

A

Entire stomach and
duodenal loop
* No superimposition of
pylorus and duodenal
bulb
*Duodenal bulb and loop in profile
* Stomach centered at
level of pylorus

58
Q

Patient position for for AP oblique stomach and duodenum

A

Recumbent LPO position

59
Q

what should you adjust rotation to for AP oblique stomach and duodenum

A

30 to 60 degrees (average is 45)

60
Q

where do you center IR for AP oblique stomach and duodenum

A

Center IR to a point midway between xiphoid process and lower rib margin

61
Q

where to align midline of IR for AP oblique stomach and duodenum

A

Align midline of IR with a
sagittal plane passing
midway between the
vertebrae and the left
lateral border of the
abdomen

62
Q

Criteria for AP Oblique Stomach and Duodenum

A

Entire stomach
and duodenal loop
* Fundic portion of
stomach
* No
superimposition of
pylorus and
duodenal bulb
*Body and pylorus
with double-contrast
visualization

63
Q

Part position for Lateral stomach and duodenum

A

*true lateral position
*Align plane passing
midway between
MCP and anterior
surface of abdomen
to midline of grid

64
Q

Where do you center IR for Lateral stomach and duodenum for recumbent position

A

Center IR at level of
L1-L2 for
recumbent position;

65
Q

Where do you center IR for Lateral stomach and duodenum for upright position

A

L3 for upright
position

66
Q

Patient position for Lateral Stomach and Duodenum

A

Recumbent right
lateral demonstrates
right retrogastric
space, duodenal
loop, and
duodenojejunal
junction

67
Q

Criteria for Lateral stomach and duodenum

A

*Entire
stomach
and
duodenal
loop
* Stomach
centered at
level of
pylorus

68
Q

Patient Position for AP stomach and Duodenum

A

Supine

69
Q

What position for the AP stomach and duodenum would you do for demonstration of hiatal hernia

A

Trendelenburg’s for demonstration of hiatal hernia

70
Q

What does the trendelenburg position show and what is it for?

A

Trendelenburg’s for demonstration of hiatal hernia

71
Q

About how far is the trenedeleburg position

A

10 degrees

72
Q

What does the treneleburg position show for the esophogus

A

to see if there reflex or hiatal hernia or varices of the esophagus

73
Q

Part position for AP stomach and duodenum :
Where do you align midline of grid and center for a 10 X 12 inch IR

A

on 10- x 12-inch (24- × 30-cm) IR, align midline of
grid to sagittal plane passing midway between
MSP and left lateral margin of abdomen

Center 10- x 12-inch (24- x 30-cm) IR to level
midway between xiphoid and lower rib margin

74
Q

Part position for AP stomach and duodenum :
Where do you align midline of grid and center for a 14 X 17 inch IR

A

*Align midline of grid to MSP on 14- x 17-inch (35-
× 43-cm) IR.
*Center 14- x 17-inch (35- × 43-cm) IR; may be
adjusted to demonstrate more diaphragm or small
bowel.

75
Q

Criteria for AP stomach and Duodenum

A

*Entire stomach and
duodenal loop
* Double-contrast
visualization of
gastric body,
pylorus, and
duodenal bulb
* Retrogastric portion
of duodenum and
jejunum

76
Q

antegrade

A

with the flow
structure and function

77
Q

retrograde

A

goes against
shows structure

78
Q

Where does the alimentary canal start and end at?

A

start at the mouth and ends in the anus

79
Q

How long is the alimentary canal?

A

approximately 30 feet long

80
Q

What ways can we check the esophagus?

A

by using barium and carbon dioxide fuzzies crystals
- single or double contrast

81
Q

What is considered contrast?

A

-barium
-iodine
-air

82
Q

Air is considered what kind of contrast?

A

negative contrast

83
Q

Barium and iodine are considered what kind of contrast?

A

positive contrast

84
Q

When doing an esophagus you first want to start what?

A

Upright

85
Q

Best way to see the esophagus of the spine is what position?

A

RAO position

86
Q

The very top of the stomach is what?

A

the fundus

87
Q

What aspect is the lesser curvature of the stomach?

A

medial aspect
-right border

87
Q

What is the sphincter that you first enter from the esophagus to the stomach?
-is the opening of the stomach
-closer to the heart
-helps so we don’t regurgitate up

A

Cardiac sphincter

88
Q

What are the folds of the stomach called?

A

rugae

89
Q

What aspect is the greater curvature of the stomach?

A

lateral aspect
-left border

90
Q

The heaver and hypersthenic you are what happens to the stomach?

A

the more transverse or horizontal your stomach is

91
Q

The more sthenic or asthenic you are, meaning skinnier what happens to the stomach?

A

the stomach will go closer to the spine, making it more vertical

92
Q

When we get to the lower part of the stomach what is that called?

A

Pyloric region

93
Q

Where is the duodenum bulb located at?

A

Pyloric sphincter

94
Q

the opening between the stomach and the small intestine (duodenum)

A

Pyloric sphincter

95
Q

The fundus is normally what?

A

tip back

96
Q

If I am laying supine what happens to the fundus?

A

the fundus has the barium

97
Q

If i am laying prone what happens to the fundus?

A

the fundus has air in it

98
Q

If I am laying supine what happens to the pyloric

A

the pyloric has air

99
Q

If i am laying prone what happens to the pyloric?

A

the pyloric has barium in it

100
Q

The best way to see the retro or posterior aspect of the stomach is?

A

right lateral position you will see the duodenum and duodenum bulb

101
Q

what is the expanded terminal end of the esophagus called?

A

cardiac antrum

102
Q

chemically and mechanically altered food that leaves the stomach

A

chyme

Positioning ll (mine) (16 decks)

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