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Positioning ll (mine) > Anatomy and Procedures of the Cervical Spine > Flashcards

Anatomy and Procedures of the Cervical Spine Flashcards

1
Q

What forms the central axis of the skeleton?

A

Vertebral Column

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2
Q

What is located in the posterior trunk?

A

Vertebral Column

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3
Q

What are the functions of the Vertebral Column?

A
  • encloses and protects spinal cord
  • supports trunk and skull
  • provides muscle attachments
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4
Q

Where is the Vertebral Column centered?

A

Centered in the midsagittal plane

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5
Q

Vertebral Column is composed of small irregular bones called what?

A

vertebrae

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6
Q

How many vertebrae are in early life?

A

total of 33 vertebrae in early life

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7
Q

How many vertebrae are considered true and movable?

A

24

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8
Q

What are considered false and fixed vertebrae?

A

sacral and coccygeal vertebrae

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9
Q

What is fuse in the sacrum?

A

sacral vertebrae

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10
Q

What is fuse to form coccyx?

A

Coccygeal vertebrae

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11
Q

What are the 5 groups in the Vertebral Column?

A
  • Cervical vertebrae
  • thoracic vertebrae
  • lumbar vertebrae
  • sacral vertebrae
  • coccygeal vertebrae
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11
Q

How many groups is the Vertebral Column divided into?

A

5 groups

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12
Q

Has 4 curves that arch anteriorly and posteriorly from midcoronal plane?

A

Vertebral Column

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13
Q

Lordotic curves are considered what anteriorly?

A

convex

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14
Q

Kyphotic curves are what anteriorly?

A

concave

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15
Q

Cervical is what type of curve?

A

Lordotic

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16
Q

Thoracic is what type of curve?

A

Kyphotic

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17
Q

Lumbar is what type of curve?

A

Lordotic

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18
Q

Pelvic is what type of curve?

A

Kyphotic

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19
Q

Cervical curve anteriorly is considered what?

A

Convex

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20
Q

Thoracic curve anteriorly is considered what?

A

concave

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21
Q

Lumbar curve anteriorly is considered what?

A

convex

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22
Q

Pelvic curve is considered what anteriorly?

A

concave

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23
Q

is a condition of abnormal lateral curvature of the spine

A

Scoliosis

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24
Q

is a condition of increased kyphotic curve of the thoracic spine (T- spine)

A

Kyphosis

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25
Q

How are curves in scolisis?

A

It curves right in the thorax and left in the lumbar

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26
Q

What help separates the vertebrae and is composed of fibrocartilage?
- function as cushions

A

intervertebral disks

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27
Q

Allow for movement of the bone

A

intervertebral disks

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28
Q

Disk is composed of

A
  • annulus fibrosus
  • nucleus pulposus
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29
Q

is known as outer, fibrocartilaginous disk

A

annulus fibrosus

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30
Q

Common area for slipped disks

A

L5 and S1

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30
Q

is known as central, soft mass

A

nucleus pulposus

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31
Q

Comes out of normal space and pushes on nerve ending
- known as “slipped disk”

A

Herniated Nucleus Pulposus (HNP)

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32
Q

A typical vertebrae is composed of?

A
  • body (anterior)
  • vertebral arch (posterior)
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33
Q

The two parts (body and vertebral arch) enclose a space known as

A

the vertebral foramen

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34
Q

What does the articulation of vertebral foramina form?

A

vertebral canal

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35
Q

Vertebral arch is formed by:

A
  • 2 pedicles
  • 2 laminae
  • the above supports four articular processes, two transverse processes, and one spinous process
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36
Q

what projects from posterior part of the body

A

pedicles

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37
Q

bottom is concave to form what?

A

vertebral notches

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38
Q

articulation of vertebral notches form what?

A

intervertebral foramina

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39
Q

What is projected posteriorly and medially from pedicles

A

laminae

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40
Q

laminae is join together to create what?

A

posterior arch

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41
Q

Most posterior part of the vertebrae is

A

the spinous process

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42
Q

What is project laterally and a little posteriorly from junction of laminae and pedicles

A

transverse process

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43
Q

What projects posteriorly and inferiorly from junction of both laminae

A

spinous process

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44
Q

is congenital (born with it) in which the laminae fail to fuse. Laminae didn’t fully join together

A

Spina bifida

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45
Q

How many articular process arise from junction of pedicles and laminae?

A

4
- 2 superior
- 2 inferior

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46
Q

articulation form between superior and inferior

A

zygapophyseal joints

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47
Q

articulate with vertebrae above and below to form what?

A

zygapophyseal joints

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48
Q

What is another name for zygapophyseal joints

A

interarticular facet joints

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49
Q

How many Cervical vertebrae are there?

A

7

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50
Q

What occupy the neck region

A

Cervical vertebrae

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51
Q

area in which the superior and inferior articulation of 1 vertebrae to the other vertebrae articulate creating the joint space

A

zygapophyseal joints

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52
Q

For the Cervical vertebrae only where is the transverse foramina located?

A

Transverse foramina located on transverse processes

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53
Q

What kind of spinous process does Cervical vertebrae have?

A

bifid spinous process

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54
Q

What Cervical vertebrae does not have a spinous process?

A

C1

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55
Q

Body of the Cervical vertebrae is considered more what compared to the others

A

more squared

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56
Q

First two Cervical vertebrae are considered what because they join with the skull?

A

atypical

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56
Q

C1 is also known as

A

atlas

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57
Q

C2 is also known as

A

axis

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57
Q

articulates with back of the skull and occipital bone
- where head and neck attach
- only vertebrae that does not have a body

A

C1 atlas

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57
Q

Turns around on the dens (odontoid)
- makes it possible for our heads to spin around

A

C2 axis

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58
Q

C7 is also considered what since it joins with T- spine

A

atypical

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59
Q

What does C1 (Atlas) consist of:

A
  • anterior arch
  • posterior arch
  • 2 lateral masses
  • 2 transverse process
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60
Q

The superior articular process of C1 receives what?

A

the condyles of the occipital bone

61
Q

What two things makes up where odontoid comes through?

A
  • transverse Atlanta ligamnet
  • anterior arch
62
Q

Most common fracture of C1
(ex. falling right on head - swimming, football players)

A

Jefferson fractures

62
Q

Contains a body
- has a conical process, called the dens or odontoid, on upper, anterior of body
-Odontoid receives into the anterior ring of C1

A

C2 (axis)

63
Q

C7 is also called what because of its long, prominent spinous process
- easily palpated

A

vertebra prominens

64
Q

What cervical vertebrae has the longest spinous process
- no longer has bifid tips

A

C7

64
Q

For cervical spine where are zygapophyseal joints seen?

A

Seen on lateral view
- they sit on a 90 degree angle

65
Q

For cervical spine where are the intervertebral foramen seen?

A

Seen on obliques
- 45 degree angle

66
Q

What unique anatomic feature is found in the typical cervical vertebrae?

A

Presence of transverse foramina in transverse processes

67
Q

The dens is located on:

A

C2

68
Q

What is the recommended SID for cervical projections except open mouth and ap axial?

A

60 to 72 inches

69
Q

what is the SID for open mouth and ap axial?

A

40 inches

69
Q

Which side do we mark down for cervical obliques projection?

A

mark side down

70
Q

What is the breathing technique for lateral cervical spine (grandy)?

A

suspension after full expiration (expiration)

71
Q

What do you tell the patient to do for AP open mouth?

A

tell patient to phonates “ah” to depress tongue to floor of mouth

72
Q

What is the breathing technique for swimmer’s method?

A

shallow breathing to blur lung anatomy

72
Q

What are the essential projections of cervical spine?

A
  • AP (Fuchs) for dens
  • AP open mouth position for C1 and C2
  • AP axial
  • Lateral (Grandy)
  • Lateral (Hyperflexion) (Hyperextension)
  • Lateral Swimmer’s tecnique (Cervicothoracic Region)
  • AP axial oblique (RPO) (LPO)
  • PA axial oblique (LAO) (RAO)
73
Q

What is your part position for AP open mouth?

A

Align edge of upper incisors and mastoid tip perpendicular to IR

74
Q

How is the CR for AP open mouth?

A

perpendicular

75
Q

What must you make sure when doing an open mouth?

A

make sure mouth is open as wide as possible and tilt head back a little bit

75
Q

What is the SID for open mouth?

A

40 inches

75
Q

The alignment of mastoid tip with the upper incisors is considered what type of plane?

A

occlusal plane

76
Q

Why is the open mouth done?

A

To see C1 and C2

77
Q

What is the other name for AP Dens (Fuchs) ?

A

Tip shot

78
Q

Why is the AP (Fuchs) done?

A

so you are able to see the dens of the odontoid if you are not able to see it on the open mouth

79
Q

What is the patient position for AP Fuchs?

A

supine

80
Q

What is the SID for AP Fuchs method

A

40 inches

81
Q

What is the part position for AP Fuchs?

A
  • extend chin until tip is vertical
  • midsagittal plane of head perpendicular to IR
82
Q

What is not seen in the AP Fuchs?

A

the lateral masses- and C1 are not seen because we are only looking at the tip

82
Q

When doing the AP Fuchs what happens to the dens?

A

It places the dens in the center of foramen magnum

83
Q

How does the centray ray enter for AP Fuchs?

A

Perpendicular enters patient on MSP just distal to tip of chin

84
Q

What should be equal for the open mouth?

A

area between lateral masses and dens should be equal

85
Q

When lateral masses and dens are not equal what does that demonstrate?

A

most likely there is a fracture and make sure you stop what you are doing

86
Q

What is the patient position for AP axial C- spine?

A

upright or supine

87
Q

What is the part position for AP axial C-spine?

A
  • shoulders in same plane
  • MSP aligned with long long axis of IR
  • MSP of head perpendicular
  • extend chin to place occlusal plane perpendicular to tabletop
  • Extend chin until line
    from upper occlusal
    plane to mastoid tip
    in perpendicular MSP
    perpendicular
88
Q

How many degrees is the CR directed for AP axial C-spine?

A

15 to 20 degrees cephalic

88
Q

Where do we center for the AP axial C-spine?

A

C4

89
Q

What does the AP axial C-spine do?

A

Opens up intervertebral disks spaces

90
Q

what is the breathing technique for Ap axial C-spine?

A

suspended breathing (hold your breath)

90
Q

What is the SID for Ap axial C-spine?

A

40 inches

91
Q

What do you not see in AP axial C-spine?

A

C1 and C2

91
Q

What do you see in AP axial C-spine?

A

C3 through C7 so 5 in total

92
Q

What does the Lateral C-spine (Grandy) method demonstrate?

A

Lateral projection demonstrates zygapophyseal joints of cervical spine

93
Q

What is the patient position for Lateral C-spine (Grandy)?

A

Upright, seated or standing

94
Q

What is the SID for Lateral C-spine (Grandy) method?

A

60 to 72 inches
mostly 72 inches

95
Q

What is the breathing technique for Lateral C-spine (Grandy)?

A

expiration to depress shoulders

96
Q

Where do you center for Lateral C-spine (Grandy)?

A

C4

97
Q

What is the part position for Lateral C-spine (Grandy)?

A

-MCP perpendicular to IR
- MSP parallel to IR
-Shoulders in same horizontal plane, relaxed down
- chin elevated and mandible protruded

98
Q

Lateral C-spine (Grandy) is done to see what two joint space?

A

C7 and T1

99
Q

what should be ruled out befoe attempting Lateral C-spine Hyperflexion and Hyperextension?

A

Fracture or pathology

100
Q

Used to demonstrate absence of normal movement from trauma or disease?

A

Lateral C-spine
> Hyperflexion and Hyperextension

100
Q

What is known as vertebra prominens

A

C7

101
Q

What is the patient position for Lateral C-spine (Hyperextension and Hyperflexion)?

A

Upright, seated or standing

102
Q

What is the CR for Lateral C-spine (Grandy)?

A

Horizontal and perpendicular to C4

102
Q

What is the SID for Lateral C-spine Hyperextension/Hyperflexion?

A

72 inches

103
Q

What is the breathing technique for Lateral C-spine Hyperextension/Hyperflexion?

A

Suspended breathing

104
Q

Where do we center for Lateral C-spine Hyperflexion/Hyperextension?

A

C4

105
Q

Why is Lateral C-spine Hyperextension/Hyperflexion done?

A

done for mobility “how much patient can bend head”

106
Q

For Hyperextension on lateral C-Spine what would you like the patient to do?

A

Have patient relax head as far back as possible

107
Q

Hyperflexion on lateral C-Spine what would you like the patient to do?

A

Have patient put chin as close to chest as possible

108
Q

What is shown on lateral C-spine Hyperextension/hyperflexion?

A

All seven spinous process C1 through C7

109
Q

What is the CR for lateral C-Spine Hyperflexion/hyperextension?

A

horizontal and perpendicular to C4

110
Q

What does the AP axial Oblique C-Spine show?

A

Intervertebral foramina on side furtherest from IR is demonstrated

111
Q

Where do we center for AP axial Oblique C-Spine?

A

C4

111
Q

What is the breathing technique for AP axial Oblique C-Spine?

A

Suspended respiration

111
Q

What is the SID for AP axial Oblique C-Spine?

A

60 to 72 inches

112
Q

What is the angle of the CR for AP axial Oblique C-Spine?

A

15 to 20 degrees cephalic

113
Q

What is the position for AP axial Oblique C-Spine projection?

A

RPO and LPO

114
Q

How many degrees of Oblique is the AP axial Oblique C-Spine?

A

45 degrees

115
Q

What is the patient position for AP axial Oblique C-Spine for upright?

A

Upright seated or standing in 45 degrees posterior Oblique position

116
Q

What is the patient position for AP axial Oblique C-Spine for recumbent?

A

Recumbent 45 degrees posterior Oblique position

117
Q

Why do we put an angle on for the AP axial Oblique C-spine?

A

to open up foramen

117
Q

What is the CR for AP axial Oblique C- Spine?

A

directed to C4 at 15 to 20 degrees cephalic

117
Q

For AP axial Oblique C-Spine what side do you mark?

A

The side that is down

117
Q

What is the part position for AP axial Oblique C-Spine?

A
  • head and body at 45-degree angle from IR
  • C- spine centered to IR
  • IR centered to C4
  • Chin elevated and protruded
118
Q

What does the PA axial Oblique C-Spine show?

A

the intervertebral foramina on side that is closer is being demonstrated

119
Q

What is one benefit of doing the PA axial Oblique C-Spine instead of the AP axial Oblique C-Spine?

A

less OID

119
Q

What is the PA axial Oblique C-Spine positions?

A

RAO and LAO

120
Q

What is the SID for PA axial Oblique C-Spine?

A

60 to 72 inches

121
Q

Where do we center for PA axial Oblique C-Spine?

A

C4

122
Q

How much do we angle the tube for PA axial Oblique C-Spine

A

C-Spine 15 to 20 degrees caudad

123
Q

Patient position for upright and recumbent for PA axial Oblique C-Spine?

A

Upright seated, standing or recumbent in 45 degrees anterior oblique position

124
Q

What is the part position for PA axial Oblique C-Spine?

A
  • head and body at 45 degrees angle to IR
  • C spine in center of IR
  • IR at level of C4
  • Chin elevated and protrudad
125
Q

What is the CR for PA axial Oblique C- Spine?

A

directed to C4 at 15 to 20 degrees caudad

126
Q

the swimmer’s technique also shows what junction from just a regular lateral c-spine?

A

junction of C7 and T1

127
Q

What is the SID for Lateral Cervicothoracic (Swimmer’s)?

A

40 inches

128
Q

What is the patient position for lateral cervicothoracicis the (Swimmer’s) for upright?

A

Upright seated, or standing in true lateral position what

128
Q

When lateral cervicothoracic (swimmer’s) is done laying down what method is that?

A

Pawlow method

129
Q

What is the breathing technique for Lateral Cervicothoracic (Swimmer’s)?

A

shallow breathing

129
Q

What is the part position for lateral cervicothoracic (swimmer’s)?

A
  • mcp centered to midline of grid
  • extend arm closer to IR above head, and rotate humeral head anteriorly
    > if upright , flex elbow, and rest forearm on head
  • depress shoulder farther from IR, if possible
  • head and body in true lateral position
  • C7 to T1 interspace in center
129
Q

When laying down how much should you angle tube for lateral cervicothoracic (swimmer’s)

A

3 to 5 degrees caudad

129
Q

What is the CR for lateral cervicothoracic (swimmer’s)?

A

perpendicular to C7 - T1 interspace if shoulder away from IR is depressed

129
Q

What is the patient position for lateral cervicothoracic (swimmer’s) for recumbent?

A

Recumbent true lateral position with head resting on arm or other firm support

129
Q

When lateral cervicothoracic (swimmer’s) is done standing what method is that?

A

Twinning method

130
Q

If shoulder cannot be depressed for lateral cervicothoracic (swimmer’s) what do you do?

A

angle 3 to 5 degrees caudad

131
Q
A

Positioning ll (mine) (16 decks)

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