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Positioning ll (mine) > Skull Positioning > Flashcards

Skull Positioning Flashcards

1
Q

For a typical skull (mesocephalic) how do the petrous pyramids project?

A

Petrous pyramids project anteriorly and medially at 47-degree angle from midsagittal plane (MSP)

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2
Q

For a Brachycephalic skull how does the petrous pyramids project?

A

Petrous pyramids project anteriorly and medially at 54-degree angle from MSP

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3
Q

What skull morphology is Short from front to back, broad from side to side, and shallow from vertex to base

A

Brachycephalic skull

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4
Q

For a Dolichocephalic skull
how do the petrous pyramids project ?

A

Petrous pyramids project anteriorly and medially at 40-degree angle from MSP

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5
Q

what skull morphology is Long from front to back, narrow from side to side, and deep from vertex to base

A

Dolichocephalic skull

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6
Q

Name some landmarks of the skull:

A

Glabella
Inner canthus
Outer canthus
Nasion
Infraorbital margin
Acanthion
Gonion
Mental point
EAM
Auricular point
Top of ear attachment (TEA)

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7
Q

where is your glabella

A

in between eyebrows

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8
Q

where is your inner and outer canthus

A

corners of eyes

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9
Q

where is your nasion

A

bridge of nose

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10
Q

where is your infraorbital margin?

A

below the eye

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11
Q

where is your acanthion ?

A

right below nose

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12
Q

where is your Gonion

A

angle of your mandible

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13
Q

where is your mental point

A

chin

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14
Q

where is your EAM

A

hole in your ear

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15
Q

Line from outer canthus to EAM

A

Orbitomeatal line (OML)

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16
Q

Where is your TEA (top of ear attachment)

A

where ear actually attaches

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17
Q

line from infraorbital margin to EAM

A

Infraorbitomeatal line (IOML)

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18
Q

line From glabella to EAM

A

Glabellomeatal line (GML)

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19
Q

what is the difference between IOML and OML

A

7 degrees

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20
Q

Perpendicular line between pupils of eyes
(one corner of the eye to the other)

A

Interpupillary line (IPL)

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20
Q

line from acanthion to EAM

A

Acanthiomeatal line (AML)

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21
Q

why do hyposthenic /asthenic patients usually need support to chest ?

A

To elevate cervical spine which helps prevent downward tilt of MSP

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22
Q

why do hypersthenic patients require radiolucent support at the head

A

helps prevent upward tilt of MSP

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23
Q

from mental point ( center of the chin) to EAM

A

Mentometal line (MML)

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24
Q

Considered your radiographic baseline

A

OML (orbitomeatal line)

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25
Q

was once considered the reid’s baseline

A

IOML (infraorbitomeatal line)

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26
Q

Essential projections of the Cranium:

A

Lateral
-Right and left lateral positions
-Dorsal decubitus position
Posteroanterior (PA)
PA axial (Caldwell method)
Anteroposterior (AP)
AP axial
AP axial (Towne method)
PA axial (Haas method)
Submentovertical (SMV)
-For cranial base

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27
Q

How is the MSP of the head in the lateral projection of the skull?

A

MSP of head parallel to image receptor (IR)

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28
Q

how is the IPL in the lateral projection of the skull

A

IPL perpendicular

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29
Q

how is the IOML in the lateral projection of the skull

A

IOML parallel to transverse axis of cassette

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30
Q

what is in profile in the lateral skull

A

Sella Turcica

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31
Q

CR for lateral projection of the skull

A

Perpendicular to center of IR
Enters 2 inches (5 cm) superior to EAM

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32
Q

criteria for lateral projection of lateral skull

A

Entire cranium without rotation or tilt
Superimposed orbital roofs, mastoid region and EAM
Superimposed TMJs
Sella turcica in profile
No overlap of cervical spine by mandible

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33
Q

patient position for PA projection of the skull

A

Seated erect or prone
MSP centered to midline
Forehead and nose resting on table or upright Bucky

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33
Q

CR for lateral projection (dorsal decubitus ) for the skull

A

Horizontal and perpendicular to center of IR
Enters 2 inches (5 cm) superior to EAM

34
Q

What is the SID for all the skull projections

A

40 inches

35
Q

lateral projection of the skull how is the body and head

A

head in a true lateral position while the body is not. The body is in more of an oblique

36
Q

how is the OML for the PA projection of the skull

A

perp to the IR plane

36
Q

How is the MSP in the PA projection of the skull

A

MSP perpendicular to IR

37
Q

what is the IR centered to in the PA projection of the skull

A

nasion

38
Q

how are the petrous ridges in the PA skull

A

Petrous pyramids fill the orbits with 0 degree CR angulation

39
Q

CR for PA projection of the skull

A

Perpendicular
Exits nasion

40
Q

CR for the PA axial Skull (Caldwell)

A

Angled 15 degrees caudad
Exits nasion

41
Q

how are the petrous ridges in the PA Axial Skull (Caldwell)

A

Petrous pyramids lying in lower third of orbit with a caudal CR angulation of 15 degrees

42
Q

How is the MSP in PA axial Skull (Caldwell)?

A

MSP perpendicular to IR

43
Q

IR how is the OML in PA axial Skull (Caldwell)?

A

OML perpendicular

44
Q

what is seen on the PA skull

A

Posterior ethmoidal air cells
Crista galli
Frontal bone and sinuses
Dorsum sellae
Petous ridges filling the orbits

45
Q

what is seen on the PA axial skull

A

Anterior and side walls of cranium
Anterior ethmoidal air cells and frontal sinuses
Petous ridges in lower third of orbits

46
Q

what does the angel do to the petrous ridges in the PA axial?

A

Angle pushes petrous ridges down

47
Q

CR for AP Axial (skull)

A

Perpendicular or 15 degrees cephalad for AP axial projection
Enters nasion

48
Q

how is the MSP and OML for the AP/AP Axial projection?

A

MSP centered to midline
MSP and OML perpendicular to IR

49
Q

is the orbits more magnified in the PA skull or AP?

A

AP

50
Q

how is the MSP for AP Axial (Towne Method)

A

MSP centered to midline
MSP perpendicular

51
Q

how is the OML and IOML for the AP Axial (Twone Method)

A

OML or IOML perpendicular

51
Q

CR for AP Axial (Towne Method)

A

CR enters 2 ½ inches above glabella

52
Q

where is the IR center for the AP Axial (Towne Method)

A

IR center at or near foramen magnum

IR top border level with skull vertex

53
Q

CR for AP Axial Towne Method (OML)

A

Directed through foramen magnum
OML – 30 degrees caudal

54
Q

CR for AP Axial Towne Method (IOML)

A

Directed through foramen magnum

IOML – 37 degrees caudal

55
Q

What should be seen on the AP axial Townes

A

Occipital bone
Posterior portion of parietal bones
Petrous pyramids
Foramen Magnum
Dorsum sellae and posterior clinoids within foramen magnum

55
Q

what is within the foramen magnum in the AP AXIAL TOWNES for skull

A

Dorsum sellae and posterior clinoids within foramen magnum

56
Q

what is the best view for the parietal bone?

A

Lateral

57
Q

For trauma what degree would you use for the AP AXIAL Townes

A

Trauma use IOML at 37˚

57
Q

Why do we do the AP axial (Towne method)

A

for the back of the skull the occipital bone

58
Q

What are the structures shown in the AP axial (Towne method)?

A

occipital bone, posterior portion of parietal bones, petrous pyramids, posterior portion of foramen magnum, dorsum sellae & posterior clinoids within foramen magnum

59
Q

Patient position for PA Axial (HAAS method)

A

Prone or seated upright
MSP centered to midline
Shoulders in same horizontal plane
Forehead and nose on table

60
Q

how is the MSP and OML in the PA Axial (Haas Method)

A

MSP perpendicular
OML perpendicular to IR

61
Q

CR for the PA axial (Haas Method)

A

Directed at 25-degree cephalic angle to OML
Enters at a point 1½ inches (3.8 cm) below external occipital protuberance
Exits 1½ inches (3.8 cm) superior to nasion

62
Q

what are the structures shown in the PA axial (Haas method)

A

occipital bone, posterior portion of parietal bones, petrous pyramids, posterior portion of foramen magnum, dorsum sellae & posterior clinoids within foramen magnum

63
Q

What is the PA axial (Haas method) considered

A

the reverse Towne method

64
Q

What is the patient position for the SMV (Submentovertical projection)

A
  • seated upright or supine
  • torso elevated if supine
65
Q

What is the method name for the SMV

A

Schuller method

66
Q

What is the part position for the SMV

A
  • MSP centered to midline
  • IOML parallel to IR
  • MSP perpendicular to IR
67
Q

how is the MSP for the SMV

A

MSP centered to midline
MSP perpendicular to IR

68
Q

how is the IOML for the SMV

A

IOML parallel with IR

69
Q

What is the CR for the SMV

A

perpendicular to IOML passing through a point 3/4 inch anterior to EAM ( between angles of mandible)

70
Q

CR for SMV

A

Through sella turcica perpendicular to IOML
Enters MSP of throat between angles of mandible
Passes through a point ¾ inch (1.9 cm) anterior to level of EAM
Center IR to CR

71
Q

SMV for the Skull on IOML

A

IOML parallel to IR
CR perpendicular to IOML no degree angulation

72
Q

What should be seen in SMV

A

Base of cranium demonstrating petrosal
Zygomatic arches
Bony nasal septum
Foramina ovale & spinosum, mastoids
Sphenoid & ethmoid sinuses
Mandible
Dens
Occipital bone

73
Q

criteria for SMV

A

Equal distance from lateral border of skull to mandibular condyles on both sides

Superimposition of mental protuberance over anterior frontal bone

Mandibular condyles anterior (above) to petrous pyramids

Symmetric petrosae

74
Q

How do you know if you tilt the head far back enough

A

enough you will see the shadow of the nose looking like a peak on a mountain

75
Q

What makes up the nasal septum

A

the vomer and perpendicular plate

76
Q

What must you get on for the SMV for the skull

A

get base of the skull

77
Q

What is the CR angle and direction for the PA axial (Caldwell) of the cranium?

A

15 degrees caudad

78
Q

Which baseline is positioned perpendicular to the IR on the lateral projection of the cranium?

A

Interpupillary (IPL) is sperpendicular for lateral skull

79
Q

If IOML is positioned perpendicular to the IR for the AP axial (Towne) projection of the cranium, what is the CR orientation?

A

37 degrees caudad

80
Q

To do the SMV what do you need

A

a chair

81
Q
A

Positioning ll (mine) (16 decks)

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