Wk 2: joint & ligaments

Question 1

Joint

Answer 1

union between two or more bones

Question 1

Fibrous

Answer 1

Fibrous tissue joins the bones

Amount of movement depends on length of fibres

Question 1

Suture (fibrous)

Answer 1

• Only found in the skull
• Bones are linked by short fibres of connective tissue
• Little to no movement

Question 1

Joint classification

Answer 1

• Structure: fibrous, cartilaginous and synovial
• Amount of movement available: immobile, slightly mobile and freely mobile

Question 1

Syndesmosis (fibrous)

Answer 1

• Forearm & leg
• Bones are linked by longer bands of connective tissue
• Very slightly mobile

Question 1

Cartilaginous

Answer 1

Cartilage tissue joins the bones

Amount of movement depends on the type of cartilage

Question 2

Symphysis or secondary cartilaginous

Answer 2

• A disc of fibrocartilage binds 2 bones together
• Found in the mid-line of the body
• Slightly mobile

Question 2

First sternocostal joint (Synchondrosis)

Answer 2

• Very limited mobility

Question 2

Synovial

Answer 2

Bones lined with cartilage (joint cavity)

Amount of movement depends on the shape of the joint

Question 2

Synchondrosis or primary cartilaginous

Answer 2

• Found at epiphyseal plates (where bone growth occurs)
• Eventually completely ossify
• Epiphyseal line & immobile

Question 3

Synovial joint classification

Answer 3

• Shape
• Degrees of freedom (uni, bi, multiaxial)

Question 3

Joint axes (synovial)

Answer 3

• Anteroposterior: front to back
• Horizontal: side to side/left to right
• Longitudinal: vertical or along length of bone

Question 3

Degrees of freedom (synovial)

Answer 3

Number of axes about which movement occurs

Uniaxial: one pair of movements

Biaxial: two pairs of movements

Multiaxial: three pairs of movements

Question 4

Axis is perpendicular to the plane (of body) (synovial)

Answer 4

• Sagittal perpendicular to horizontal
• Coronal perpendicular to anteroposterior axis
• Transverse perpendicular to longitudinal axis

Question 5

Movement axes and their movements possible (synovial)

Answer 5

• Longitudinal: rotation
• Anteroposterior: abduction/adduction and lateral flexion
• Horizontal: flexion/extension

Question 6

Ligaments

Answer 6

bands of fibrous tissue that occur at joints

Question 7

Ligament functions

Answer 7

• Act as a mechanical constraint
• Prevent undesired movement
• Permit limited amounts of desired movement
• Sensory: proprioception

Question 8

Types of ligaments

Answer 8

• Intra-capsular: deep to capsule
• Capsular: re-enforces capsule
• Extra-capsular: away from capsule

Question 9

Bursae

Answer 9

Fluid-filled sacs around many synovial joints: potential space

Function to reduce friction as structures slide on one another thus

Located between layers of muscles

Question 10

Articular Discs

Answer 10

Fibrocartilage pads between the articular surfaces of some synovial joints

Question 11

Functions of articular discs

Answer 11

• Shock absorbers
• Permit different movements to occur in the joint
• Aid mechanical fit between articular surfaces
• Restrain movement
• Assist lubrication

Question 12

Active movement

Answer 12

Produced by muscle contraction

Question 13

Passive movement

Answer 13

Produced by an external force

Question 14

Passive movement types

Answer 14

Passive physiological: can also be produced actively

Passive accessory: the movement cannot be produced actively

Question 15

Roll (roll spin glide)

Answer 15

one surface rolls across the other (contact of new parts of both surface)

Question 16

Spin (roll spin glide)

Answer 16

one surface spins relative to the other surface around a fixed central axis

Question 17

Glide (roll spin glide)

Answer 17

one surface slides across the other (contact of new parts of one surface with the same parts of another surface)

Question 18

Flexion

Answer 18

reduces angle between bones bend knee back

Question 19

Extension

Answer 19

increase angle between bones straighten leg

Question 20

Abduction

Answer 20

the movement of a bone away from the midline straight leg moves up on the side

Question 21

Adduction

Answer 21

the movement of a bone towards the midline straight leg moves downon the side

Question 22

Medial/lateral rotation

Answer 22

Movement of bone around longitudinal axis

Question 23

Circumduction

Answer 23

Flexion, abduction, extension, adduction, and rotation in succession

Question 24

Inversion

Answer 24

medial movement of sole

Question 25

Eversion

Answer 25

lateral movement of sole

Question 26

Dorsiflexion

Answer 26

Bending foot in direction of dorsum (superior surface) bending foot up

Question 27

Plantar flexion

Answer 27

Bending foot in direction of plantar surface (sole) bending foot down

Question 28

Pronation

Answer 28

Movement of forearm that turns palm posteriorly

Question 29

Supination

Answer 29

Movement of forearm that turns palm anteriorly.

Question 30

Ball and socket axes

Answer 30

Multiaxial

Question 31

Ball and socket movement

Answer 31

All movements

Question 32

Ball and socket example

Answer 32

Hip and shoulder

Question 33

Hinge joint axes

Answer 33

Uniaxial

Question 34

Hing joint movement

Answer 34

Flexion and extension

Question 35

Hinge joint example

Answer 35

Elbow

Question 36

Ellipsoid joint axes

Answer 36

Bi axial

Question 37

Ellipsoid example

Answer 37

Wrist

Question 38

Condyloid joint axes

Answer 38

Bi axial

Question 39

Condyloid joint movements

Answer 39

Flexion, extension and slight rotation

Question 40

Condyloid joint example

Answer 40

Knee and metacarpal

Question 41

Pivot axes

Answer 41

Uniaxial

Question 42

Pivot movement

Answer 42

Pronation and supination

Question 43

Pivot example

Answer 43

neck

Question 44

Saddle joint axes

Answer 44

Biaxial

Question 45

Saddle joint movements

Answer 45

Flexion, extension, adduction, abduction

Question 46

Saddle joint example

Answer 46

Thumb

Question 47

Plane joint axes

Answer 47

no axial

Question 48

Plane joint movement

Answer 48

Slight gliding movement

Question 49

Plane joint example

Answer 49

intertarsal and intercarpal

Question 50

Hinge joint description

Answer 50

Projection fits into a slot parallel

Question 51

Condyloid joint description

Answer 51

Oval projection fits into an oval hollow

Question 52

Pivot joint description

Answer 52

Round process fits within a ring

Question 53

Saddle joint description

Answer 53

Concave in convex in a cross shape

Question 54

Ball and socket joint description

Answer 54

Ball fits into a socket