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Anatomy > ALL CONTENT P2 > Flashcards

ALL CONTENT P2 Flashcards

1
Q

Three parts of the pelvis and what do they consist of

A

Bowl: hip bones + sacrum
Joints: sacroilic and symphysis
Girdle: hip bones + some sacrum

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2
Q

What are three functions of the pelvis

A

Support and protect viscera, provide muscle attatchment site, supports weight of upper body

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3
Q

What are the two parts of the basin

A

Pelvic inlet and outlet

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4
Q

What is superior to pelvic inlet

A

False or greater pelvis (IGF)

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5
Q

What is inferior to pelvic inlet

A

True or lesser pelvis

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6
Q

What makes up the pelvic inlet

A

Pubic crest, sacral promontory, pectineal line, arcuate line

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7
Q

What makes up the pelvic outlet

A

Apex of coccyx, ischial tuberosities, pubic symphysis

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8
Q

Classify pubic symphysis and sacroiliac joint

A

1) symphysis: fibrocartilage 2) sacroiliac: ant (synovial) and post (fibrous)

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9
Q

Name the posterior pelvic ligaments

A

1) sacrotuberous 2) posterior sacroiliac ligament 3) sacrospinous

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10
Q

Name the anterior pelvic ligaments

A

1) interosseous sacroiliac 2) anterior sacroiliac ligament 3) illiolumbar

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11
Q

Weight transfer through pelvis four steps

A

Weight pushes sacrum inferiorly
Sacrum becomes ‘wedged’ in
Irregular joint surfaces interlock
Ligaments come under tension

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12
Q

What causes the sacroiliac joint to move

A

External forces

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13
Q

Overall movement of the sacroiliac

A

Slight gliding and rotation

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14
Q

Define nutation

A

Anterior rotation of superior sacrum

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15
Q

Define counter nutation

A

Anterior rotation of inferior sacrum

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16
Q

Nutation is resisted by which ligaments

A

Sacrotuberous and sacrospinous

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17
Q

Define form closure

A

How passive structures contribute to the stability of joints

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18
Q

Define force closure

A

How active structures contribute to the stability of joints

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19
Q

What structures does form closure consist of

A

Ligaments, gravity, rigid structures

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20
Q

What structures does force closure consist of

A

Muscles and fascia

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21
Q

Purpose of form closure

A

Create rigid interlocking surfaces

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22
Q

Purpose of force closure

A

Enhances compression of joints

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23
Q

What muscles produce pelvic drop around AP axis

A

Ipsilateral gluteus maximus, contralateral EO and IO, contralateral hip adductors

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24
Q

What muscles produce anterior pelvic tilt around AP axis

A

Erector spinae, hip flexors

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25
Q

What muscles produce pelvic rotation to the R

A

Left EO, Right IO, Left hip lateral rotators, right hip medial rotators

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26
Q

What movement does the sacrotuberous and sacrospinous resist

A

Nutation

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27
Q

What is meant by true vs false pelvic

A

Anything above pelvic inlet is an accessory

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28
Q

What are three factors that contribte to form closure

A

Shape of joint surface, tension in ligaments, keystone like wedge shape of sacrum

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29
Q

What is contralateral vs ipsilateral

A

Controlateral: opposite
Ipsilateral: same

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30
Q

Is contralateral abduction or adduction in drop (acronym)

A

Contalateral: adduction (CODD contralateral, opposite, adduction, drop)

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31
Q

During lift and drop which side of the pelvic is adduction

A

Higher side: adduction (smaller angle)

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32
Q

What is the windlass effect

A

The plantar fascia supports the foot during weight bearing activities

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33
Q

What are the three sections of pelvic organs

A

1) Lower urinary tract 2) reproductive 3) lower GIT

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34
Q

What do the three sections of the pelvic organs consist of

A

1) Bladder & urethera 2) uterus & prostate 3) rectum & anal canal

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35
Q

Explain the pelvic floor

A

Dome shaped muscular sheet seperating the pelvic cavity and perineal region below

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36
Q

What is the pelvic floor made up of

A

Muscle and fascia

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37
Q

What are the four functions of pelvic floor

A

Supports pelvic viscera

Contributes to increase intra abdominal pressure

Acts as sphincters for the passageways through the pelvis

Assists in childbirth: forms a ‘gutter’

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38
Q

What is the endopelvic fascia made up of

A

Webs of
1) loose connective tissue
2) adipose tissue
3) smooth muscle

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39
Q

What are the two functions of endopelvic fascia

A

Maintains organ placement, conduit for passageway of nerves and blood to organs

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40
Q

Explain the location of the perineum

A

Between pubic symphysis and coccyx

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41
Q

What is the perineum made up of

A

1) Perineal body
2) Skeletal muscle & fascia
3) Urogenital and anal triangle

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41
Q

What muscles make up the peroneal muscle categories

A

1) ischiocavernosus, bulbospongiosus, super and deep transverse perineal

2) external anal sphincter

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41
Q

List the two categories of peroneal muscles

A

1) Urogenital triangle 2) anal triangle

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42
Q

What are the three functions of peroneal muscles

A

1) Provid added closure to vagina & anus
2) support and fix perineal body
3) maintain erection of penis

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43
Q

What is the perineal body

A

Irregular fibromuscular mass

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44
Q

Where is the perineal body located

A

Midline between anus and vagina/penis

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45
Q

What is the perineal body a site of attatchment for

A

Bulbospongiosus

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46
Q

What are the muscles of the pelvic floor supplied by

A

Nerve to levator ani (slight input from pudenal nerve)

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47
Q

What are the muscles of the perineum supplied by

A

Pudinal nerve (slight input from nerve to levator ani)

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48
Q

In terms of blood supply what do arteries and viens have

A

1) Arteries (branches) 2) Viens (tributaries)

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49
Q

What are the three aortic branches

A

1) Arch of aorta
2) descending aorta
3) common iliac arteries

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50
Q

How do deep viens run

A

Run with arteries but in the opposite direction

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51
Q

What are vena commitantes

A

Two+ small viens that match with the artery

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52
Q

What is anastomose in terms of superficial viens

A

Communication

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53
Q

Two reasons of significance of having two sets of viens

A

1) Two ways to return blood to heart
2) Temperature control

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54
Q

Purpose of retinacula in lower leg

A

Hold the tendons in place and prevent bow stringing

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55
Q

Superior and inferior extensor retinaculumbinds to which muscle’s tendons

A

TA, EHL, EDL, FT (anterior muscle group)

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56
Q

Two types of peroneal retinacula

A

Superior and inferior peroneal retinaculum

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57
Q

The peroneal retinacula binds down which two muscles tendons

A

PL and PB (lateral muscle group)

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58
Q

What does the flexor retinaculumconvert bony grooves into and why

A

Into canals for the TP, FHL, FDL (posterior deep muscle groups) tendons

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58
Q

Purpose of synovial sheaths

A

Facilitate sliding of the tendons

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59
Q

Origin and insertions of intrinsic vs extrinsic foot muscles

A

Intrinsic: both in foot
Extrinsic: origin leg and insertion foot

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60
Q

Three functions of plantar aponeurosis of the foot

A

Bind to skin, attatchment site for foot muscles, helps maintain arches of foot

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60
Q

What are the dorsal muscles of the foot

A

Extensor digitorum brevis, extensor hallicus brevis

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61
Q

Where is aponeurosis located in foot

A

Superificial immediately under the skin

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62
Q

Three foot functions

A

Weight bearing, propulsion, shock absorption

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63
Q

List five characteristics of step off

A

Foot is rigid
Mid tarsal joint locks
Plantarflex ankle and extend MTP joints
Tightens plantar aponeurosis
Raises medial longitudinal arch

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64
Q

List three characteristics of heel strike

A

Foot is flexible
Mid tarsal joint unlocks
Subtalar joint pronates

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65
Q

Five features of medial longitudinal arch

A

Calcaneus, talus, navicular, 3 cuneiforms, 1-3 metatarsals

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66
Q

Four features of lateral longitudinal arch

A

Calcaneus, talus, cuboid, 4-5 metatarsals

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67
Q

What plane does the transverse arch run in

A

Coronal plane

68
Q

What is the proximal end of the transverse arch formed from

A

All three cuniform bones, metatarsal bases, cuboid

69
Q

What is the distal end of the transverse arch formed from

A

Head of metatarsal

70
Q

Two purposes of arches

A

Shock absorber and weight bearing

71
Q

What is the bowstring of dynamic support

A

Pulls the end of the arch together

71
Q

Ligamentous support (plantar aponeurosis explain)

A

Toe extension creates tension in aponeurosis which lifts up longitudinal arch creating a windlass effect

71
Q

Static support factors that help arches

A

1) Shape
2) Ligaments: long and short plantar ligament, spring ligament, plantar aponeurosis, interossei

71
Q

When is muscular (dynamic) support used & 2 types of support

A

Walking and running (support includes bowstring and sling)

72
Q

Structures of medial longitunal arch (dynamic support)

A

Abductor hallicus,
FHL
FDL
tibialis posterior
tibialis anterior

72
Q

What is the sling of dynamic support

A

Lifts the summit upwards

73
Q

Structures of lateral longitunal arch (dynamic support)

A

Fibularis longus
fibularis brevis
fibularis tertius
tibialis posterior
abductor digiti minimi

74
Q

Dorsal digital expansionallows the toes to do what

A

Extend simultaneously

74
Q

Dorsal digital expansionis important for what

A

Digital sweep

74
Q

What is digital sweep

A

Longest possible sweep of the tips of the digits

75
Q

Are foot movements pure

A

No

76
Q

How does digital sweep occur

A

Interplay between the extrinsic and intrinsic foot muscles

Flexion of MTP (IP maintained in extension) -> flexion of IP

77
Q

Lumbricals prevent

A

Toe clawing

77
Q

What consists of digital sweep

A

Intrinsic muscles (extend IP joints), interossei and lumbricals

78
Q

Lumbricals flex and extend what

A

Flex: MTP joint Extend: IP joint

79
Q

What is clawing of the toes

A

Long flexor and long extensor work unopposed

80
Q

Clawing of the toes pulls what into flexion and extension

A

FDL: IP flexion | EDL: MTP extension

81
Q

Clawing of the toes creates what rest

A

A new abnormal position

81
Q

Two main phases of gait

A

Stance (foot in contact with ground) and swing (foot not in contact with ground)

82
Q

What is cyclical

A

Repetitious sequence of limb motion to move body foward

82
Q

Plane of hip, knee and ankle during gait

A

Sagittal

82
Q

Define gait

A

Manner or style of walking

82
Q

Gait is how many strides

A

One stride

83
Q

Plane of pelvis during gait

A

Sagittal and coronal

84
Q

Knee motion gait degree of flexion and extension

A

60 degrees + 0 degrees = 60 degrees

84
Q

Hip motion gait degree of flexion and extension

A

30 degrees + 20 degrees = 50 degrees

85
Q

Failure of this coronal plane is called what

A

Trendelenburg gait

85
Q

Ankle motion gait degree of plantar and dorsiflexion

A

20 degrees + 5 degrees = 25 degrees

86
Q

What weak muscles cause trendelenburg

A

Weak hip abductors of stance leg

86
Q

Describe the phases of ankle motion during gait

A

Plantarflexion: loading response (reduces impact of heel contact)

Dorsiflexion: mid to terminal stance (facilitates body weight over foot)

Plantarflexion: prep for swing phase (transforming extended knee to freely flexing joint)

Dorsiflexion: swing (foot clearance)

87
Q

Describe the coronal plane of pelvic motion during gait

A

Lift and drop around anteroposterior axis

88
Q

Activation of what limits drop during stance phase

A

Activation of contralateral gluteus medius and minimus

89
Q

Explain the motion trendelenburg

A

As patients drop the left foot during stance the contralateral hip drops

89
Q

Describe the sagittal plane of pelvic motion during gait

A

Tilt around the transverse axis

90
Q

L3 action

A

Hip flexion
Knee extension

90
Q

L1 action

A

None

91
Q

L2 action

A

Hip flexion

92
Q

L4 action

A

Hip extension
Knee extension
Ankle dorsiflexion

93
Q

L5 action

A

Hip extension
Knee flexion
Ankle dorsiflexion
Toe extension

94
Q

Loading response ROM

A

15-25 flex
15-20 flex
0-5 plantar

94
Q

S1 action

A

Knee flexion
Ankle plantarflexion
Toe extension + flexion

95
Q

Initial contact ROM

A

30 flex
5 flex
0-5 dorsiflex

95
Q

S2 action

A

Ankle plantarflexion
Toe flexion

96
Q

Initial contact action

A

Extending
Flexing
Plantarflexing

96
Q

Initial contact muscles

A

Extensor
Extensor
Dorsiflexor

96
Q

Mid stance ROM

A

5-10 flex
5-10 flex
5-10 dorsiflex

96
Q

Terminal stance ROM

A

5-10 extend
5-10 flex
5-10 dorsiflex

97
Q

Loading response action

A

Extending
Flexing
Plantarflexing

98
Q

Mid stance action

A

Extending
Extending
Dorsiflexing

98
Q

Loading response muscles

A

Extensor
Extensor
Dorsiflexor

99
Q

Terminal stance action

A

Extending
Flexing
Dorsiflexing

99
Q

Terminal stance muscles

A

Flexor
Flexor
Plantarflexor

99
Q

Mid stance muscles

A

Extensor
Extensor
Plantarflexor

100
Q

Initial contact purpose

A

Pulls knee into extension
Shock absorb
Lower foot to ground

101
Q

Loading response purpose

A

Pulls knee into extension
Prevent knee collapse
Lower foot to ground -> prevent slap

102
Q

Mid stance purpose

A

Finishes pull of knee into extension
Pushes knee into extension
Slow foward shank motion

103
Q

Terminal stance purpose

A

Controls hip extension
Bends knee for foot clearance
Continues to slow foward motion

104
Q

Motor distribution femoral nerve

A

Pectineus, illiacus, sartorius, quad

105
Q

Motor distribution saphenous nerve

A

None

106
Q

Motor distribution obturator nerve

A

Pectineus
Gacilis
Add brevis
Add longus
1/2 add magnus
Obturator externus

106
Q

Motor distribution lateral cutaneous nerve

A

None

106
Q

Motor distribution muscular branches 1

A

Illiopsoas

106
Q

Sensory distribution saphenous nerve

A

Skin of medial thigh -> great toe

107
Q

Motor distribution genitofemoral nerve

A

None

108
Q

Sensory distribution femoral nerve

A

Skin of anterior and medial thigh

109
Q

Sensory distribution obturator nerve

A

Skin of medial thigh

110
Q

Sensory distribution lateral cutaneous nerve

A

Skin of lateral thigh

111
Q

Sensory distribution genitofemoral nerve

A

Skin of medial thigh + skin of genitalia

112
Q

Sensory distribution muscular branches 1

A

Hip joint

113
Q

Motor distribution posterior femoral cutaneous nerve

A

None

113
Q

Motor distribution tibial nerve

A

All posterior lower leg muscles

114
Q

Sensory distribution tibial nerve

A

Knee + ankle joint

114
Q

Motor distribution muscular branches 2

A

External rotators except obturator externus

114
Q

Motor distribution inferior gluteal

A

Gluteus maximus

114
Q

Motor distribution superior gluteal

A

Gluteus medius
Gluteus minimus
Tensor fascia lata

115
Q

Sensory distribution posterior femoral cutaneous nerve

A

Skin of posterior and lateral leg -> mid calf

116
Q

Sensory distribution superior gluteal

A

Hip joint

116
Q

Sensory distribution inferior gluteal

A

Hip joint

116
Q

Motor distribution sural nerve

A

None

117
Q

Sensory distribution muscular branches

A

Hip joint

117
Q

Motor distribution medial plantar nerve

A

Abductor hallicus
FDL
FHL
Lumbrical 1

117
Q

Motor distribution sciatic nerve

A

Hamstrings
1/2 adductor magnus

118
Q

Motor distribution lateral plantar nerve

A

Adductor hallicus
Lumbrical 2-4
Interossei
FDMB
ABDM
FA

119
Q

Motor distribution common peroneal

A

None

120
Q

Motor distribution deep peroneal

A

All anterior lower leg muscles

120
Q

Sensory distribution medial plantar nerve

A

Skin of medial 3 1/2 digits + corresponding sole

121
Q

Motor distribution superficial peroneal

A

Fibularis longus
Fibularis brevis

122
Q

Sensory distribution sciatic nerve

A

Hip + knee joint

123
Q

Sensory distribution lateral plantar nerve

A

Skin of lateral 1 1/2 digits + corresponding sole

124
Q

Sensory distribution sural nerve

A

Skin of lateral and posterior leg

125
Q

Sensory distribution superficial peroneal nerve

A

Skin of lateral leg

126
Q

Sensory distribution common peroneal nerve

A

Skin of ant, post, lat upper leg

126
Q

Sensory distribution deep peroneal

A

Skin between digits 1-2

127
Q

Dermatome of L1

A

Lower back, pelvis

128
Q

Dermatome of L2

A

Lower back, upper anterior thigh

129
Q

Dermatome of L5

A

Gluteal
Pelvis
Post + lateral thigh
Lateral leg
Dorsal of foot
Toe 1-3

129
Q

Dermatome of L3

A

Lower back
Anterior thigh
Medial leg

130
Q

Dermatome of S2

A

Gluteal
Medial and posterior thigh + leg

130
Q

Dermatome of L4

A

Medial gluteal
Lateral thigh
Medial leg
Dorsal foot
Toe 1-3

131
Q

Dermatome of S1

A

Gluteal
Lateral and posterior thigh + leg

132
Q

Dermatome S3

A

Pelvis
Medial thigh

Anatomy (14 decks)

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