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Network+ > Wireless Networking > Flashcards

Wireless Networking Flashcards

1
Q

original 802.11 standard, which defined features like wireless network cards, special configuration software, capability to run multiple styles of networks, and how transmissions work; uses 2.4 GHz band, DSSS spectrum, 2 Mbps max speed, ~300 feet max range

A

802.11-1997

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2
Q

wireless network mode, also peer-to-peer mode, where each wireless device is directly connected/contacts each other

A

Ad hoc mode

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3
Q

unit of organization involving two or more wireless devices connected in ad hoc mode

A

Independent Basic Service Set (IBSS)

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4
Q

wireless network mode involving one or more WAPs connecting to wireless nodes centrally, similar to a physical star topology; preferred by businesses or networks that need to share resources

A

infrastructure mode

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5
Q

network created with wireless devices connected in infrastructure mode

A

wireless local area network (WLAN)

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6
Q

unit of organization involving one WAP servicing a given area

A

Basic Service Set (BSS)

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7
Q

unit of organization involving more than one WAP servicing a given area

A

Extended/Extended Basic Service Set (ESS/EBSS)

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8
Q

defines a BSS, usually either the MAC of a WAP or a 48-bit randomly generated string of numbers that goes into every frame

A

Basic Service Set Indentifier (BSSID)

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9
Q

standard name applied to a BSS or IBSS; 32-bit ID string inserted into the header of every frame; often also used for ESS

A

Service Set Identifier (SSID)

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10
Q

form of radio waves used for Wi-Fi communications; data is broadcast is small, discrete chunks over different frequencies availble within a range

A

spread-spectrum

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11
Q

spread-spectrum broadcasting method that sends data out on different frequencies at a time; uses more bandwidth - around 22 MHz

A

direct-sequence spread-spectrum (DSSS)

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12
Q

spread-spectrum broadcasting method that sends data out on one frequency at a time; uses less bandwidth - 1 MHz

A

frequency-hopping spread-spectrum (FHSS)

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13
Q

spread-spectrum broadcasting method that is better at dealing with interference and is used on all but the earliest 802.11 networks; the latest of the three methods

A

orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM)

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14
Q

method used by wired networks for accessing network media without colliding with other frames; a listening devices measures whether the voltage level is higher than a given threshold before sending data; if a collision is detected, the node wait for a period of time before trying again

A

carrier sense multiple access with collision detection (CSMA/CD)

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15
Q

the waiting period a device must wait for before sending data if the voltage measured on a line is above a certain threshold; typically the length of the current frame plus a short, predefined silence period

A

interframe gap (IFG)

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16
Q

randomly generated timeout period following a detected collision before a sending nodes tries to send data again

A

backoff

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17
Q

method used by wireless network for accessing network media without colliding with other frames; steps are taken to avoid collisions

A

carrier sense multiple access with collision avoidance (CSMA/CA)

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18
Q

method for collision avoidance specifying rules for sending data on the media, such as defining a backoff period on top of an IFG and requiring that receiving nodes send out an ACK for every processed frame; ACK also tells nodes to wait a given period of time before accessing the media; data is retransmitted if no ACK is receiving until the packet reaches the destinations; only method that is implemented today

A

Distributed Coordination Function (DCF)

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19
Q

method for collision avoidance that is not implemented today

A

Point Coordination Function (PCF)

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20
Q

first widely-adopted Wi-Fi standard; uses the 2.4 GHz band, DSSS spectrum, 11 Mbps max speed, ~300 feet max range

A

802.11b

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21
Q

Wi-Fi standard that uses the 5.0 GHz band, OFDM spectrum, 54 Mbps max speed, ~150 feet max range; was not as popular as 802.11b

A

802.11a

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22
Q

mode that an 802.11g network was in if all devices connected were 802.11g; ran at speeds up to 54 Mbps

A

native mode

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23
Q

Wi-Fi standard using the 2.4 GHz band, OFDM spectrum, 54 Mbps max speed, ~300 feet max range, and backwards compatible with 802.11b

A

802.11g

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24
Q

feature of some 802.11g devices that is not part of the 802.11g standard; it enables devices to use two channels for transmissions to increase throughput

A

channel bonding

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25
Q

feature of 802.11n that enables devices to make multiple simultaneous connections called streams; required for all devices except mobile devices to use multiple antennas to implement it

A

multiple in/multiple out (MIMO)

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26
Q

multiple-antenna technology of some 802.11n WAPs that helps get rid of dead spots by adjusting the signal to a discovered client

A

transmit beamforming

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27
Q

mode for 802.11n WAPs where the WAP sends out separate packets just for legacy devices

A

legacy mode

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28
Q

mode for 802.11n WAPs where special packets are sent that support older standards and can improve the speed of those standards due to 802.11n’s wider bandwidth

A

mixed mode/high-throughput/802.11a-ht/802.11g-ht (802.11n)

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29
Q

mode for 802.11n WAPs with the best goodput; works for 802.11n only networks

A

Greenfield mode

30
Q

Wi-Fi standard that uses the 2.4 GHz band (dual-band devices can support both bands), OFDM (QAM) spectrum, 100+ Mbps max speed, ~300 feet max range, and backwards compatible with 802.11b/g/a (a is not part of the standards, but implemented by manufacturers of many dual-band WAPs); features MIMO and transmit beamforming; added overhead to the frame encapsulation process when supporting older types, and having any 802.11b devices drops the network to 802.11b speeds

A

802.11n

31
Q

Wi-Fi standard that is an expansion of 802.11n; uses the 5 GHz band, OFDM (QAM spectrum), max speeds up to 1 Gbps, ~300 feet max range, and backwards compatible with 802.11a

A

802.11ac

32
Q

special version of OFDM used by 802.11n and 802.11ac devices

A

quadruple-amplitude modulated (QAM)

33
Q

feature of the latest versions of 802.11ac that gives a WAP the ability to broadcast to multiple users simultaneously

A

Multiuser MIMO (MU-MIMO)

34
Q

the act of claiming a legit item as your own rather than the truth, such as making a NIC report a legitimate MAC address rather than its own

A

spoof

35
Q

the first real Wi-Fi security standard, addressing authentication and encryption

A

802.11i

36
Q

standard used in 802.11i to setup a network with serious authentication with a RADIUS server and passwords encrypted with EAP; gets rid of the PPP in EAP and puts the EAP info in an Ethernet frame; port-based authentication network access control mechanism

A

IEEE 802.1X

37
Q

protocol that encrypts passwords in the IEEE 802.1X standard; acts more like a PPP wrapper

A

Extensible Authentication Protocol (EAP)

38
Q

a server that stores usernames and passwords

A

RADIUS server

39
Q

in a wireless network, the wireless access point that the supplicant contacts, requesting permission to access the network; it contacts the RADIUS server on behalf of the supplicant

A

Network Access Server (NAS)

40
Q

most popular form of authentication in wireless network, it consists of a secret code shared between and stored on the supplicant and WAP, encrypted with AES

A

EAP-PSK

41
Q

EAP type that defines use of a RADIUS server and mutual authentication, requiring certificates on the servers and every client

A

EAP-TLS

42
Q

EAP type that defines use of a RADIUS server, but with only a server-side certificate

A

EAP-TTLS

43
Q

also Protected EAP (PEAP); uses password function based on MS-CHAPv2 with an encryipted TLS tunnel; most common form of EAP

A

EAP-MS-CHAPv2

44
Q

EAP type that uses on MD5 hashes for transfer of credentials; least used

A

EAP-MD5

45
Q

proprieatry type of EAP used mostly by Cisco; uses a combination of MS-CHAP authentication between client and radius server

A

LEAP

46
Q

Cisco’s relacement for LEAP, supported by all current OS’s

A

EAP-FAST (EAP Flexible Authentication via Secure Tunneling)

47
Q

wireless security method that uses a 64- or 128-bit encryption algorithm; uses the RC4 cipher, making the key only about 40 or 104 bits; the key is static and shared; for these reasons, this method is easily hacked; also no user authentication

A

Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP)

48
Q

the extra code in WEP, 24 bits, used to start the encryption process

A

initialization vector (IV)

49
Q

an intermediate fix for WEP, offering security enhancements and a key integrity-checking feature; uses dyanmic key generation; adds TKIP around the WEP encryption scheme

A

Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA)

50
Q

an extra layer of security featured in WPA, it checks the integrity of the encryiption key

A

Temporal Key Integrity Protocol (TKIP)

51
Q

replacement for TKIP-RC4, it is more robust; a 28-bit block cipher

A

CCMP-AES

52
Q

the current top security standard, it fully supports the 802.11i standard; supports AES

A

Wi-Fi Protected Access 2 (WPA2)

53
Q

version of the currrent top wireless security standard, which is used alongside a RADIUS server

A

WPA2-Enterprise

54
Q

any WAP that you can connect to directly and configure singularly

A

thick client

55
Q

a WAP that must be configured by a wireless controller

A

thin client

56
Q

protocol used for interoperability between different brands/thin and thick clients

A

Lightweight Access Point Protocol (LAPP)

57
Q

process of using a single SSID and a pool of VLANs to reduce broadcasts; uses a single domain, and the WAP? Assigns randomly a VLAN to a device/client

A

VLAN pooling

58
Q

a graphical representation of RF sources in an area

A

heat map

59
Q

the standard straight wire antennas that provide the most omnidirectional function; has two radiating elements that point in opposite directions

A

dipole antennas

60
Q

an antenna that focuses the radio wave into a kind of beam; examples include parabolic, dish, and Yagi

A

unidirectional antenna

61
Q

flat, plate shaped antenna that generates a half-sphere beam; great for offices where the signal needs to be strong in the room, but stay within the room; are always mounted on a wall

A

patch antenna

62
Q

a timing frame sent from a WAP at regular intervals, a major part of broadcast traffic

A

beam (frame)

63
Q

the loss of packets due to an overworked WAP

A

jitter

64
Q

phenomenon where a non-metallic material reduces or elminates a Wi-Fi signal that passes through it, like brick, sheetrock, and wood

A

absorption

65
Q

phenomenon where metallic materials reflect a radio wave, sending them in directions other than where they need to go

A

reflection

66
Q

phenomenon where a glass material bends radio waves

A

refraction

67
Q

a feature in many public facilities where an attempt to access the network open a Web Browser, requiring the client to agree to a Terms of Service to continue

A

captive portal

68
Q

an RF scanner used to identify RF sources in an environment

A

spectrum analyzer

69
Q

how RFI is measured, comparing the signal strength to the overall interference/noise

A

signal-to-noise ratio (SNR)

70
Q

a rogue access point that mimics an existing SSID to get people to connect to it

A

evil twin

71
Q

act of looking for wireless networks by using omnodirectional antennas attached to a laptop while running wireless sniffing programs

A

war driving

72
Q

the act of marking with chalk to tell other war drivers where a wireless network is and other related information

A

war chalking

Network+ (21 decks)

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