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Network+ > Remote Connectivity > Flashcards

Remote Connectivity Flashcards

1
Q

dedicated lines used before the Internet; specific, shielded, two-pair cabling in a T1 connection

A

T1 lines

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2
Q

defined grouping of individual phone circuits served by one multiplexor

A

local exchange

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3
Q

method for separating calls on a single cables; as calls come in, a multiplexor adds a certain frequency multiplier, keeping each call within its own frequency range

A

frequency division multiplexing (FDM)

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4
Q

name by the telecommunications industry for the connection between a central office and individual users

A

last mile

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5
Q

the simplest data stream, at a slow rate of 64 Kbps

A

DS0

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6
Q

the first copper, digital trunk carriers, which are still popular today

A

T-carriers

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7
Q

the most common and basic T-carrier; digital network technology

A

T1/T1 connection

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8
Q

box located at either (but not both) termination in a single T1 line, it has a second connection that goes from the phone company (its location) to a customer’s equipment (router)

A

Channel Service Unit/Digital Service Unit (CSU/DSU)

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9
Q

signaling method used in T1, it uses a primitive frame consisting of 25 pieces - a framing bit and 24 channels; each channel has a single 8-bit DS0 data sample, totalling 193 bits per frame; these are transmitted at 8000 times/sec, giving it a throughput of 1.544 Mbps (64 Kbps channels)

A

digital signal 1 (DS1)

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10
Q

process of having a frame carry a portion of each channel in every frame on a regular interval

A

time division multiplexing (TDM)

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11
Q

process of selling only some individual channels in a T1 bundle by phone companies - due to being expensive and obsolete

A

fractional T1 access

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12
Q

dedicated line consisting of 672 DS0 channels, totalling 45 Mbps; mainly used by regional phone companies and ISPs

A

T3/DS3 line

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13
Q

European version of T1 line, it carries signals at 2.048 Mbps (32 64 Kbps channels)

A

E1 line

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14
Q

European version of T3 line, it carries 16 E1 lines for a total bandwidth of 34 Mbps

A

E3 line

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15
Q

protocol of which a derivative is used by E1 and SONET as the control channel

A

High-Level Data Link Control (HDLC)

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16
Q

international fiber optic standard in the US used by all primary carriers, improving international connectivity; used for long-distance, high-speed, fiber-optic transmission

A

Synchronous Optical Network (SONET)

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17
Q

the European equivalent for SONET

A

Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH)

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18
Q

standards denoting fiber optic data-carrying capacity in bps, conforming to SONET standard; speeds are escalating, ranging from 51.8 Mbps (XX-1) to 39.8 Gbps (XX-768)

A

Optical Carrier (OC)

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19
Q

process that increases the throughput of a fiber line by allowing a cable to carry multiple signals; signals are given a different wavelength; not as many signals as the other

A

wavelength division multiplexing (WDM)

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20
Q

process that increases the throughput of a fiber line by allowing a cable to carry multiple signals; signals are given a different wavelength; this one can support ~150 signals, so an OC-1 line has a througput of 7.6 Gbps; limited at 60 km

A

dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM)

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21
Q

simpler than DWDM, it is not as limited in its distance; used in higher-end LANs with 10GBase-LX4 networks; has lower cost

A

course wavelength division multiplexing (CWDM)

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22
Q

signal method used by SONET; a number is added to the end of “XXX” to designate its speed, like OC-1

A

Synchronous Transport Signal (STS)

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23
Q

first gen of packet switch tech, it enabled remote devices to communicate using high speed digital links without the expense of leased lines

A

X.25/CCITT Packet Switching Protocol

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24
Q

any machine that forwards and stores packets using any packet-switching protocol

A

packet switches

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25
Q

dead packet switching protocol that uses frames rather than packets; it was used primarily for T-carrier lines, worked well for off and on traffic, was efficient, and switched frames quickly, though it was succeptible to losing data

A

Frame Relay

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26
Q

dead packet switching technology designed for high-speed LANs in early 90s; it integrated voice, video, and data on one connection using cells due to being able to handle delay and signal loss; transfer speeds ranged from 155.52 to 622.08+ Mbps

A

Asunchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)

27
Q

replacement technology for Frame Relay and ATM that adds a label the layer 2 header and Layer 3 info

A

Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS)

28
Q

a set of packets that can be sent to the same place (Ex. Single broadcast domain of computers)

A

Forwarding Equivalence Class (FEC)

29
Q

an MPLS router, it looks for MPLS packets and forwards the packets based on their MPLS labels

A

Label switching router (LSR)

30
Q

an MPLS router that adds MPLS label to incoming packets and removes them from outgoing packets

A

Label edge router (LER)

31
Q

protocol used by LSR’s and LER’s to communicate dynamic info about their state

A

Label Distribution Protocol (LDP)

32
Q

feature of MPLS for establishing an VPN; an ISP using MPLS sets up a connection to your network and leases it to you; they give you/you plug in an RJ-45 plug into the office switch

A

permanent virtual circuit (PVC)

33
Q

most important test an end user will make on a telephony line; it verifies the T-carrier connection from end to end

A

Bit Error Rate Test (BERT)

34
Q

the oldest and slowest original phone connection; this dial-up network uses the same phone lines used to make calls; end users need a modem to convert analog signals to digital

A

public switched telephone network (PSTN)/plain old telephone service (POTS)

35
Q

an individual cycle in an analog signal

A

baud

36
Q

number of bauds per second, with PSTN lines limited to 2400

A

baud rate

37
Q

device in a modem that convert a 8-bit wide (parallel) digital data and converts it into 1-bit wide (serial) digital data; vise versa

A

Universal Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter (UART)

38
Q

standards for modems defining the speeds at which modems can modulate as well as how they compress data and perform error checking

A

V standards

39
Q

high-capacity line that connects a central office switch to long-distance carriers; usually T1

A

trunk line (PSTN)

40
Q

dial-up phone service that sends data across fully digital lines, including in the last mile; need to be within 18,000 feet of a central office to use

A

Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN)

41
Q

ISDN channel that carries voice and data information using standard DS0 channels (64 Kbps); most ISDN providers choose either one or two of these

A

Bearer (B) channels

42
Q

ISDN channel that carries setup and configuration information at 16 Kbps

A

Delta (D) channels

43
Q

the most common ISDN setup, consisting of 2 B channels and 1 D channel; uses only one physical line, and throughput is 128 Kbps

A

Basic Rate Interface (BRI)

44
Q

ISDN setup consisting of 23 B channels and 1 D channel, basically a full T1 line

A

Primary Rate Interface (PRI)

45
Q

the most common ISDN physical interface for one’s computer, resembling a modem; they can even function as hubs for direct LAN connections; to use, to must configure the ISDN phone number to call and the SPID

A

terminal adapter (TA)

46
Q

special number provided by your telephone company for use in ISDN TA setup

A

Service Profile ID (SPID)

47
Q

a fully digital, dedicated line provided by phone companies without the need to dial a phone number, though it uses the same lines and RJ-11 jacks; limited to 18,000 feet from central office

A

digital subscriber line (DSL)

48
Q

DSL that provides equal download and upload speeds, about 15 Mbps (though majority range from 192 Kbps to 9 Mbps); more expensive than ADSL

A

symmetric DSL (SDSL)

49
Q

DSL that provides unequal download and upload speeds, providing theoretical download speeds up to 15 Mbps and upload speeds up to 1 Mbps (real world: 384 Kbps to 15 Mbps download, 128-768 Kbps upload); less expensive than SDSL

A

asymmetric DSL (ADSL)

50
Q

AT&T (and others) offering of DSL that can provide upload and downloads speeds in excess of 100 Mbps, though only at short distances (~300 meters); typical speeds are 8-16 Mbps download and 1-2 Mbps upload

A

very-high-bit-rate DSL (VDSL)

51
Q

unique protocol used by a cable company’s network

A

Data Over Cable Service Interface Specification (DOCSIS)

52
Q

fiber architecture where a single fiber cable runs to a neighborhood switch, and then from there individual fiber cables run to each destination; used to make rollouts more affordable; uses WDM to send multiple signals down the same cable

A

passive optical network (PON)

53
Q

server that accept incoming calls and handles password authentication in a private dial-up connection; client connects to it using a connection tool; must have at least one modem; has separate permissions for dial-up and local users

A

remote access server (RAS)

54
Q

service that runs on an RAS with Windows; dedicated to handling remote users who are not directly connected to a LAN but need access to file and print services

A

Routing and Remote Access Service (RRAS)

55
Q

a unit describing a ration between an ideal/reference point and the current state of a signal; the quality of a signal

A

decibel (dB)

56
Q

Citrix Corporation products for terminal emulation, the first popular ones

A

WinFrame/MetaFrame

57
Q

standard for remote access via terminal emulation created by Citrix; defines how terminal info is passed between client and server; it was so powerful that Microsoft licensed the code and created its own product called Windows Terminal Services

A

Independent Computing Architecture (ICA)

58
Q

bedrock of VoIP standards, defines the type of packets used on the Internet to move voice or data from server to client; most solutions are either SIP/RTP or H.323/RTP

A

Real-time Transport Protocol (RTP)

59
Q

VoIP standard that handles the initiation , setup, and delivery of VoIP sessions and multicasting; uses TCP ports 5060 and 5061

A

Session Initiation Protocol (SIP)

60
Q

VoIP standard that handles the initiation , setup, and delivery of VoIP sessions and multicasting; uses TCP port 1720

A

H.323

61
Q

VoIP solution that does not use RTP; incompatible with other VoIP solutions; uses peer-to-peer topology and a proprietary encryption method

A

Skype

62
Q

protocol for streaming video that runs on top of RTP; uses on TCP port 554

A

Real-Time Streaming Protocol (RTSP)

63
Q

capability that enables out-of-band management to address issues with in-band management - remote systems must be fully booted to OS and not as much security or control

A

lights-out-management (LOM) capability

64
Q

DNS server that redirects your browser to an advertisement when an incorrect URL is entered

A

DNS helper

Network+ (21 decks)

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