WINES OF THE WORLD 🇵🇹 Portugal Flashcards
Types of wines made in Portugal
More red than white, mainly unfortified. Also fortified wines. 99% of production from mainland.
Climate of Portugal
Atlantic influence to the W, cool and rainy. Inland areas has continental climate due to protection by mountains.
Type of soils in Portugal
Different soils: schist or granite on mountains, clay, limestone and sand on coastal area, also some alluvial soils around riverbanks.
Hazards in Portugal
Drought, especially in continental, inland regions. Risk of poor fruit set and fungal disease in the coastal regions due to the wet weather. Esca and European grapevine moth.
Main training systems in Portugal
Cordon or replacement-cane pruning, VSP trellised. Old vineyards are planted mixed (field blend wines), while now one variety or varietal blocks.
Key winemaking operations for wines in Portugal
Modernisation after the EU admission. Protective winemaking (stainless steel and temperature control) for whites. Destemming equipment has improved tannin extraction. Fermenting and foot-treading in lagares. Also clay vessels. Skin contact for premium whites.
Key maturation practices for wines in Portugal
Mainly French oak (some American).
Main sub-regions of Portugal
- Vinho Verde
- Douro
- Dão
- Bairrada
- Alentejo
- Lisboa
- Península de Setúbal
- Tejo
How many DOCs are in Portugal
31
How many VRs are in Portugal
14
Types of wines made in Vinho Verde
Mainly whites (81%), then reds (14%) and rosés (5%).
Climate of Vinho Verde
Moderate maritime, becoming more continental to the E. High rainfall.
Type of soils in Vinho Verde
Soils become poorer to the E. Granitic bedrock, shallow granite topsoil and sandy texture, low fertility.
Hazards in Vinho Verde
Fungal diseases (rot and mildew).
Main sub-regions of Vinho Verde
Monção and Melgaço.
Monção and Melgaço
Main sub-regions of Vinho Verde. High-quality wines from Alvarinho, lower max yields, alcohol 11.5+% abv, the only appellation to name Alvarinho as single variety on the label.
Main training systems in Vinho Verde
Traditionally, vines trained up trees. Now single or double Guyot with VSP, or lyre system.
Key winemaking operations for wines in Vinho Verde
Protective methods and cool fermentation in stainless steel. Mainly cultured yeasts. Old oak fermentation by smaller producers.
Key maturation practices for wines in Vinho Verde
No ageing for inexpensive wines. Oak ageing and on the lees by smaller producers.
Finishing operations for wines in Vinho Verde
Possibility of CO2 for inexpensive wines to give a light spritz.
Types of businesses that operate in Vinho Verde
Small vineyard holdings (0.1 ha). Most growers send grapes to co-operatives and merchants, a small amount produces their own wines. Anselmo Mendes and Quinta de Soalheiro as significant producers.
Types of wines made in the Douro
Douro wines are usually blends of grape varieties (single from Touriga Nacional or Tinta Roriz). Mainly reds. Possibility from field blends of old vines. 25% whites. Small volume of rosés. 30% DOC are Douro wines. Also fortified.
Type of soils in the Douro
Schist bedrock (vertical layers) and shallow topsoil of decomposed schist, low organic, stony texture. Some flatter land in the Douro Superior.
Climate of Douro
Warm continental. Protection from the cooler and damper influence of Atlantic by Serra do Marão. Baixo Corgo is the coolest and the wettest (rainfall 900 mm), Cima Corgo is warmer and drier (rainfall 700 mm), and Douro Superior is hot and arid (rainfall 450 mm). Huge range of microclimates due to a variety of aspects and altitudes.
Hazards in the Douro
Risk of drought. Hail and storms. Spring frost, downy mildew and botrytis bunch rot.
Main grape varieties of Douro
Some are the same used in the Port production, such as Touriga Nacional, Touriga Franca, Tinta Roriz, Tinta Barroca and Tinto Cão. Sousão. Viosinho, Rabigato, Gouveio and Moscatel Galego Branco.
Main training systems in the Douro
Cordon-trained and spur-pruned or head-trained and cane-pruned, VSP trellised. Some old bush vines.
Harvest for wines from the Douro
Mainly hand harvest, from the Douro Superior to the Baixo Corgo. High vintage variation.
Key winemaking operations for red wines in the Douro
Destemming to avoid additional tannins. Stainless steel at lower temperature than usual reds. Some producers use lagares (fermentation) to have more control over the extraction level. Early drinking wines are pressed off the skins after the fermentation.
Key winemaking operations for white wines in the Douro
Cool fermentation in stainless steel, no or short ageing. Premium whites from old vines, oak fermentation/maturation.
Key winemaking operations for rosé wines in the Douro
Short maceration.
Key maturation practices for wines in the Douro
Large oak vessels (Portuguese or French), some use barriques.
Main sub-regions of Douro
Baixo Corgo, Cima Corgo and Douro Superior.
Types of businesses that operate in the Douro
Small vineyard holdings. Prats & Symington and Quinta do Vale Meão as significant producers. Many Port producers make Douro wines. 23 co-operatives.
Types of wines made in Dão
80% reds. Mainly blended but also single varietal (Touriga Nacional and Tinta Roriz for more structured wines, Jaen in a fruity and early drinking style as well as Alfrocheiro).
Climate of Dão
Mediterranean, very high rainfall (autumn and winter). Protection by the mountains from cool maritime on the W and arid conditions from the E and S.
Hazards in Dão
Risk of drought. Water stress during ripening, hail during summers. Wildfires (2017). Spring frost in flat plans.
Main grape varieties of Dão
Touriga Nacional, Tinta Roriz, Jaen, Alfrocheiro, Encruzado.
Main training systems in Dão
Double or single Guyot, cordon-trained, VSP trellised. Some old bush vines.