when to assess cardiac disease

Question 1

Name the only lymph node that is palpable in the horse

Answer 1

sub-mandibular - pea-bean size normally

Question 2

What does areas of dullness in lung field on auscultation what could this suggest

Answer 2

pleural effusion or pulmonary consolidation/ abscessation/ masses

Question 3

What does abnormal lung sounds suggest

Answer 3

consolidation
Wheezes and crackles suggesting airway narrowing, or discharges in airways

Question 4

what can a tracheal rattle suggest in horses

Answer 4

discharge pooling at the thoracic inlet

Question 5

Describe how a rebreathing bag works

Answer 5

place large bin bag over muzzle
rebreath air: build up of CO2
causes deeper, more rapid breaths
causes abnormal noises to become louder

Question 6

What can cause muffled heart sounds in the horse

Answer 6

pericardial disease
- need to be sure that stethoscope is in the correct place

Question 7

List the 4 presentations of cardiac disease in horses

Answer 7

cardiac murmur
poor performance- rare
collapse/ sudden death
congestive heart failure- rare in horses

Question 8

What can jugular distension suggest in horses

Answer 8

right sided heart failure
thoracic disease
pericardial disease

Question 9

what can peripheral oedema suggest in horses

Answer 9

right sided heart failure
hypoproteinaemia
vascular disease

Question 10

what is the most likely cause of a weak pulse

Answer 10

hypovolaemia

Question 11

where is jugular pulsation seen in horses

Answer 11

distal third of the neck

Question 12

where can you listen to the mitral valve in horses

Answer 12

Left side
LIC 5

Question 13

where can you hear the aortic and pulmonic valves in the horse

Answer 13

left
LIC 4

Question 14

what is S4 in the horse

Answer 14

onset of atrial systole
(shhh) sound
can merge with S1

Question 15

Describe S1 in horses

Answer 15

onset of ventricular systole
closure of AV valves
(lub)

Question 16

describe S2 in horses

Answer 16

onset of diastole
closure of semilunar valves
(DUB)

Question 17

describe S3 in horses

Answer 17

rapid ventricular filling
(de)
loudest over cardiac apex

Question 18

What is the different between endocardiosis and endocarditis

Answer 18

endocardiosis - valvular degeneration
endocarditis - bacterial in origin

Question 19

what does 2D/M mode echocardiography show

Answer 19

assess valve structure/ disease
assess chamber enlargement

Question 20

Describe how the nostrils should be examined in horses

Answer 20

Discharge
Excessive dilation
Normal airflow?

Question 21

List 3 things that excessive dilation of nostrils could suggest

Answer 21

pain
poor lung function
respiratory stress

Question 22

Is it normal to hear the lung sounds in a horse

Answer 22

No due to the depth of the thorax

Question 23

If there is fluid/discharge in the trachea, what noise will you hear?

Answer 23

Tracheal rattle

Question 24

T/F You are more likely to hear respiratory abnormalities at the trachea than the lungs

Answer 24

True

Question 25

When an animal is hypoxic, how low is their PaO2?

Answer 25

Less than 80mmHg

Question 26

When an animal is hypercapnic, how high is there is PaCO2?

Answer 26

Greater than 45mmHg

Question 27

Are systolic or diastolic murmurs more common?

Answer 27

systolic

Question 28

Describe a grade 1 murmur

Answer 28

Quiet murmur often difficult to identify

Question 29

Describe a grade 2 murmur

Answer 29

Murmur quieter than heart sounds

Question 30

Describe a grade 3 murmur

Answer 30

Murmur as loud a S1 and S2

Question 31

Describe a grade 4 murmur

Answer 31

Murmur louder than S1 and S2

Question 32

Describe a grade 5 murmur

Answer 32

Loud cardiac murmur with a precordial thrill

Question 33

Decsribe a grade 6 murmur

Answer 33

Murmur audible with the stethoscope off the thoracic wall

Question 34

What determines the timing of murmurs in horses?

Answer 34

Relative duration of diastole/systole

Question 35

List the clinical signs of bacterial endocarditis in horses

Answer 35

Fever Cardiac murmur Tachycardia Tachypnoea

Question 36

List 3 things that can be seen on lab results with bacterial endocarditis

Answer 36

Hyperfibrinogenaemia Anaemia Leucocytosis

Question 37

List 4 bacteria that can cause bacterial endocarditis in horses

Answer 37

Pasteurella Actinobacillus Streptococci Rhodococcus equi

Question 38

Describe how to treat bacterial endocarditis

Answer 38

broad spectrum ABs

Question 39

Is congestive heart failure common or uncommonn in horses

Answer 39

Uncommon

Question 40

what grade murmur should be referred for U/S

Answer 40

Grade 3 and above

Question 41

Describe a holo-systolic (diastolic) murmur

Answer 41

between cardiac sounds if systolic between S1 and S2 diastolic = between S2 and S1 lub-shhhhhhh-dub................lub-shhhhhhhh-dub

Question 42

Describe pan-systolic murmur

Answer 42

across heart sounds LShhhhhhhhhhhhh............Lshhhhhhhhhhhh

Question 43

Describe a mid-systolic murmur

Answer 43

In between heart sounds Lub....Shhh....du.....................Lub.....shhhh.....dub