when to assess cardiac disease Flashcards
Name the only lymph node that is palpable in the horse
sub-mandibular - pea-bean size normally
What does areas of dullness in lung field on auscultation what could this suggest
pleural effusion or pulmonary consolidation/ abscessation/ masses
What does abnormal lung sounds suggest
consolidation
Wheezes and crackles suggesting airway narrowing, or discharges in airways
what can a tracheal rattle suggest in horses
discharge pooling at the thoracic inlet
Describe how a rebreathing bag works
place large bin bag over muzzle
rebreath air: build up of CO2
causes deeper, more rapid breaths
causes abnormal noises to become louder
What can cause muffled heart sounds in the horse
pericardial disease
- need to be sure that stethoscope is in the correct place
List the 4 presentations of cardiac disease in horses
cardiac murmur
poor performance- rare
collapse/ sudden death
congestive heart failure- rare in horses
What can jugular distension suggest in horses
right sided heart failure
thoracic disease
pericardial disease
what can peripheral oedema suggest in horses
right sided heart failure
hypoproteinaemia
vascular disease
what is the most likely cause of a weak pulse
hypovolaemia
where is jugular pulsation seen in horses
distal third of the neck
where can you listen to the mitral valve in horses
Left side
LIC 5
where can you hear the aortic and pulmonic valves in the horse
left
LIC 4
what is S4 in the horse
onset of atrial systole
(shhh) sound
can merge with S1
Describe S1 in horses
onset of ventricular systole
closure of AV valves
(lub)
describe S2 in horses
onset of diastole
closure of semilunar valves
(DUB)
describe S3 in horses
rapid ventricular filling
(de)
loudest over cardiac apex
What is the different between endocardiosis and endocarditis
endocardiosis - valvular degeneration
endocarditis - bacterial in origin
what does 2D/M mode echocardiography show
assess valve structure/ disease
assess chamber enlargement
Describe how the nostrils should be examined in horses
Discharge
Excessive dilation
Normal airflow?
List 3 things that excessive dilation of nostrils could suggest
pain
poor lung function
respiratory stress
Is it normal to hear the lung sounds in a horse
No due to the depth of the thorax
If there is fluid/discharge in the trachea, what noise will you hear?
Tracheal rattle
T/F You are more likely to hear respiratory abnormalities at the trachea than the lungs
True
When an animal is hypoxic, how low is their PaO2?
Less than 80mmHg
When an animal is hypercapnic, how high is there is PaCO2?
Greater than 45mmHg
Are systolic or diastolic murmurs more common?
systolic
Describe a grade 1 murmur
Quiet murmur often difficult to identify
Describe a grade 2 murmur
Murmur quieter than heart sounds
Describe a grade 3 murmur
Murmur as loud a S1 and S2
Describe a grade 4 murmur
Murmur louder than S1 and S2
Describe a grade 5 murmur
Loud cardiac murmur with a precordial thrill
Decsribe a grade 6 murmur
Murmur audible with the stethoscope off the thoracic wall
What determines the timing of murmurs in horses?
Relative duration of diastole/systole
List the clinical signs of bacterial endocarditis in horses
Fever
Cardiac murmur
Tachycardia
Tachypnoea
List 3 things that can be seen on lab results with bacterial endocarditis
Hyperfibrinogenaemia
Anaemia
Leucocytosis
List 4 bacteria that can cause bacterial endocarditis in horses
Pasteurella
Actinobacillus
Streptococci
Rhodococcus equi
Describe how to treat bacterial endocarditis
broad spectrum ABs
Is congestive heart failure common or uncommonn in horses
Uncommon
what grade murmur should be referred for U/S
Grade 3 and above
Describe a holo-systolic (diastolic) murmur
between cardiac sounds
if systolic between S1 and S2
diastolic = between S2 and S1
lub-shhhhhhh-dub…………….lub-shhhhhhhh-dub
Describe pan-systolic murmur
across heart sounds
LShhhhhhhhhhhhh…………Lshhhhhhhhhhhh
Describe a mid-systolic murmur
In between heart sounds
Lub….Shhh….du…………………Lub…..shhhh…..dub
