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8- EQ- Cardiorespiratory Disease > when to assess cardiac disease > Flashcards

when to assess cardiac disease Flashcards

1
Q

Name the only lymph node that is palpable in the horse

A

sub-mandibular - pea-bean size normally

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2
Q

What does areas of dullness in lung field on auscultation what could this suggest

A

pleural effusion or pulmonary consolidation/ abscessation/ masses

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3
Q

What does abnormal lung sounds suggest

A

consolidation
Wheezes and crackles suggesting airway narrowing, or discharges in airways

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4
Q

what can a tracheal rattle suggest in horses

A

discharge pooling at the thoracic inlet

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5
Q

Describe how a rebreathing bag works

A

place large bin bag over muzzle
rebreath air: build up of CO2
causes deeper, more rapid breaths
causes abnormal noises to become louder

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6
Q

What can cause muffled heart sounds in the horse

A

pericardial disease
- need to be sure that stethoscope is in the correct place

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7
Q

List the 4 presentations of cardiac disease in horses

A

cardiac murmur
poor performance- rare
collapse/ sudden death
congestive heart failure- rare in horses

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8
Q

What can jugular distension suggest in horses

A

right sided heart failure
thoracic disease
pericardial disease

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9
Q

what can peripheral oedema suggest in horses

A

right sided heart failure
hypoproteinaemia
vascular disease

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10
Q

what is the most likely cause of a weak pulse

A

hypovolaemia

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11
Q

where is jugular pulsation seen in horses

A

distal third of the neck

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12
Q

where can you listen to the mitral valve in horses

A

Left side
LIC 5

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13
Q

where can you hear the aortic and pulmonic valves in the horse

A

left
LIC 4

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14
Q

what is S4 in the horse

A

onset of atrial systole
(shhh) sound
can merge with S1

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15
Q

Describe S1 in horses

A

onset of ventricular systole
closure of AV valves
(lub)

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16
Q

describe S2 in horses

A

onset of diastole
closure of semilunar valves
(DUB)

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17
Q

describe S3 in horses

A

rapid ventricular filling
(de)
loudest over cardiac apex

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18
Q

What is the different between endocardiosis and endocarditis

A

endocardiosis - valvular degeneration
endocarditis - bacterial in origin

19
Q

what does 2D/M mode echocardiography show

A

assess valve structure/ disease
assess chamber enlargement

20
Q

Describe how the nostrils should be examined in horses

A

Discharge
Excessive dilation
Normal airflow?

21
Q

List 3 things that excessive dilation of nostrils could suggest

A

pain
poor lung function
respiratory stress

22
Q

Is it normal to hear the lung sounds in a horse

A

No due to the depth of the thorax

23
Q

If there is fluid/discharge in the trachea, what noise will you hear?

A

Tracheal rattle

24
Q

T/F You are more likely to hear respiratory abnormalities at the trachea than the lungs

A

True

25
Q

When an animal is hypoxic, how low is their PaO2?

A

Less than 80mmHg

26
Q

When an animal is hypercapnic, how high is there is PaCO2?

A

Greater than 45mmHg

27
Q

Are systolic or diastolic murmurs more common?

A

systolic

28
Q

Describe a grade 1 murmur

A

Quiet murmur often difficult to identify

29
Q

Describe a grade 2 murmur

A

Murmur quieter than heart sounds

30
Q

Describe a grade 3 murmur

A

Murmur as loud a S1 and S2

31
Q

Describe a grade 4 murmur

A

Murmur louder than S1 and S2

32
Q

Describe a grade 5 murmur

A

Loud cardiac murmur with a precordial thrill

33
Q

Decsribe a grade 6 murmur

A

Murmur audible with the stethoscope off the thoracic wall

34
Q

What determines the timing of murmurs in horses?

A

Relative duration of diastole/systole

35
Q

List the clinical signs of bacterial endocarditis in horses

A

Fever
Cardiac murmur
Tachycardia
Tachypnoea

36
Q

List 3 things that can be seen on lab results with bacterial endocarditis

A

Hyperfibrinogenaemia
Anaemia
Leucocytosis

37
Q

List 4 bacteria that can cause bacterial endocarditis in horses

A

Pasteurella
Actinobacillus
Streptococci
Rhodococcus equi

38
Q

Describe how to treat bacterial endocarditis

A

broad spectrum ABs

39
Q

Is congestive heart failure common or uncommonn in horses

A

Uncommon

40
Q

what grade murmur should be referred for U/S

A

Grade 3 and above

41
Q

Describe a holo-systolic (diastolic) murmur

A

between cardiac sounds
if systolic between S1 and S2
diastolic = between S2 and S1
lub-shhhhhhh-dub…………….lub-shhhhhhhh-dub

42
Q

Describe pan-systolic murmur

A

across heart sounds
LShhhhhhhhhhhhh…………Lshhhhhhhhhhhh

43
Q

Describe a mid-systolic murmur

A

In between heart sounds
Lub….Shhh….du…………………Lub…..shhhh…..dub

8- EQ- Cardiorespiratory Disease (18 decks)

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