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8- EQ- Cardiorespiratory Disease > (pleuro) pneumonia > Flashcards

(pleuro) pneumonia Flashcards

1
Q

define pneumonia

A

infection of lower respiratory tract

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2
Q

define bronchopneumonia

A

infection of bronchi and parenchima

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3
Q

define pleuropneumonia

A

If infection of lower respiratory tract extended into pleural space

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4
Q

List the 3 stages of pleuropneumonia

A

Exudative stage
fibrinopurulent stage
organization stage

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5
Q

describe the exudative stage of pleuropneumonia

A

sterile transudate increased in pleural space
is the initial stage

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6
Q

describe the fibrinopurulent stage of pleuropneumonia

A

bacterial invasion of the pleural space and fibrin deposition

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7
Q

describe the organizational stage of pluropneumonia

A

fibroblasts grow into exudate (pleural peel)

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8
Q

List 6 risks factors of development of pneumonia

A

After viral infections
Strenuous exercise
Transportation & elevation of the head for prolonged periods
General anesthesia
Overcrowding & inclement weather
Dysphagia (aspiration)

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9
Q

list 2 risk factors of pleuropneumonia

A

Long distance transportation
Elevated head for prolonged periods of time?

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10
Q

List 4 risk factors of aspirational pneumonia

A

Dysphagia
oesophageal obstruction
general anaesthesia
cleft palate

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11
Q

Which pathogen is most commonly associated with bacterial pneumonia in horses

A

Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus- normal commensal of pharynx

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12
Q

List the clinical signs of pneumonia in horses

A

Tachycardia /tachypnea
Respiratory distress
Fever
Anorexia, depression
Can have
* nasal discharge
* Exercise intolerance
* Auscultation- crackles or dull areas

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13
Q

List 5 extra clinical signs you will see in pleuropneumonia

A

Normal clinical signs of pneumonia +

Pain intercostal spaces
Reluctance to walk, colic
Grunting during respiration
Abduction of elbows
Ventral edema of the chest

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14
Q

If on auscultation of chest the dull area follows flat line what does this suggest

A

there is a fluid line
= pleuropneumonia

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15
Q

Describe the Diagnostic approach for suspected pneumonia

A

Suspicion based on Physical Exam & rebreathing bag
Haematology & biochemistry
Endoscopy
TTW & BAL
Thoracic ultrasonography
Radiography
Thoracocentesis
Thoracoscopy- in exceptional cases

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16
Q

why is transtracheal wash helpful when diagnosing pneumonia

A

allows culture and sensitivity
cytology representative of both lungs

17
Q

Describe the 1st line treatment of horses with pneumonia

A

Penicillin + Gentamicin IV
+ Metronidazole with aspirational pneumonia

18
Q

List 3 ways to administer inhaled drugs

A

jet, ultrasonic or mesh nebulizers can be used

19
Q

List 2 advantages of jet nebulizers

A

cheap easy to use

20
Q

List 3 disadvantages of jet nebulizers

A

Inefficient
Need compressed gas
Needs additional tubing

21
Q

List 2 advantages of ultrasonic nebulizer

A

easy to use
more efficient than jet

most commonly used now

22
Q

List 3 disadvantages of ultrasonic nebulizers

A

Large residual volume
Difficult w/viscous liquids
Degradation due to heating

23
Q

List 4 advantages of mesh nebulizers

A

Fast, quiet, portable
Easy to use
Self-contained power
Most efficient

24
Q

List 2 disadvantages of mesh nebulizers

A

More expensive
Cleaning necessary between cycles

25
Q

Which antimicrobial is used in jet nebulizers

A

cefquinome

26
Q

Which antimicrobial is used in ultrasonic nebulisers

A

gentamicin

27
Q

Which antimicrobial is used in mesh nebulizer

A

ceftiofour

28
Q

Where is thoracocentesis performed on horse

A

7/8 ICS above costrochondral junction

29
Q

List 2 diagnostic values of thoracocentesis

A

culture and sensitivity
cytology

30
Q

List 4 therapeutic values of thoracocentesis

A

Drain proinflammatory products
Remove bacteria
Help decrease adhesion formation
Respiratory function improvement

31
Q

how is thoracocentesis secured

A

with Chinese finger trap (heimlich valve)

32
Q

when should referral be considered with cases of (pleuro) pneumonia

A

No initial response to antibiotics
Systemic or respiratory compromised
Require intensive care

8- EQ- Cardiorespiratory Disease (18 decks)

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