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8- EQ- Cardiorespiratory Disease > Myocarditis and vascular disease > Flashcards

Myocarditis and vascular disease Flashcards

1
Q

What are signs of non-septic jugular thrombosis?

A

Thickening cording of the vein, reduction in patency

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2
Q

What are signs of septic jugular thrombosis?

A

Hot
painful
discharging tracts

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3
Q

What are the main clinical signs of jugular thrombosis?

A

Venous occlusion causing swelling in cheek, lips, tongue, supraorbital area, dysphagia and upper airway obstruction

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4
Q

Why do you get swelling of head structures with jugular thrombosis

A

Jugular vein is the main vessel draining blood from the head

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5
Q

__________________ or _______________ are the main causes of jugular thrombosis

A

IV catheterization or injection

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6
Q

List 5 predisposing factors of jugular thrombosis

A

Systemic inflammatory response syndrome
Multi-organ dysfunction syndrome
Irritant drugs
Poor catheter placement
Poor catheter use

So sicker horses at increased risk

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7
Q

How is jugular thrombosis diagnosed?

A

Ultrasound and culture of fluid aspirate/swab/blood

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8
Q

How is ultrasound used to diagnose jugular thrombophlebitis

A

Assess extent of thrombus
Identify sepsis (cavitation)
Assess patency of vein
Distinguish perivenous swelling from thrombosis
Select site for aspiration

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9
Q

How is jugular thrombosis treated?

A

Broad spectrum antibiotics- especially if think septic
anti-inflammatories (aspirin/NSAIDs)- try to reduce platelet build up
heparin anticoagulant
vasodilators
raise head

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10
Q

List 2 alternatives to jugular venous access

A

lateral thoracic
cephalic

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11
Q

What are some complications seen with jugular thrombosis?

A

embolic disease (bacterial endocarditis or septic pneumonia)
Long term poor performance due to:
- Recurrent laryngeal neuropathy
- Upper airway oedema during exercise

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12
Q

Where should IV injections be given and why?

A

Proximal third of neck to avoid carotid artery

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13
Q

What catheter material is the least thrombogenic?

A

Polyurethane

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14
Q

What is least thrombogenic: rigid over the needle catheters or flexible catheters?

A

flexible catheters

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15
Q

What is aortic thrombosis?

A

Partial/complete occlusion of the terminal aorta and external and internal iliac arteries by thrombus

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16
Q

Describe the aeitology of aortic thrombosis

A

Unknown
parasitic- unlikely

17
Q

What are clinical signs of aortoiliac thrombosis?

A

Poor performance
Exercise-associated hindlimb lameness
Breeding failure in stallions
After exercise
- Cold limb
- Weak pulses

18
Q

How is aortic thrombosis diagnosis?

A

Palpate thrombus/turgid vessel on rectal exam
Ultrasound -transrectally

19
Q

Describe how to treat aortic thrombosis

A

NSAIDs
Aspirin
Fenbendazole- larvicidal anthelmintic

20
Q

describe the prognosis for horses with aortic thrombosis

A

guarded

21
Q

___________ is the most common cause of sudden death during exercise in horses

A

Vascular rupture

22
Q

_________ and ____________ are the most common sites of vascular rupture

A

Aorta and pulmonary artery

23
Q

What are some other differentials for severe distress following strenuous exercise with colic type pain, including vascular rupture?

A

stress fractures
exertional rhabdomyolysis
arrhythmias

24
Q

When can Rupture of the Uterine Vessels occur

A

in Periparturient broodmares, particularly immediately before or after foaling but up to 3 weeks after

25
Q

Describe how to manage a rupture of uterine vessels

A

conservative
support circulation
analgesia
avoid excessive movement

26
Q

What is a aorto-cardiac fistula

A

Congenital or acquired defect of the aortic wall
there is a communication between the aorta and atrium

27
Q

What horses are Aorto-Cardiac Fistula more likely seen in

A

intact males

28
Q

List the clinical signs of Aorto-Cardiac Fistula

A

sudden death
distress
ventricular tachycardia
loud continuous murmur

29
Q

Describe how to diagnose Aorto-Cardiac Fistula

A

echocardiography

30
Q

what is the prognosis for a horse with a Aorto-Cardiac Fistula

A

hopeless

31
Q

what vasodilators can be given to horses

A

glyceryltrinitrate

32
Q

if bilateral thrombosis occurs, what may be required

A

tracheostomy

33
Q

why do we use extension sets in horses

A

to avoid excessive manipulation

34
Q

how often should you change ports/fluid lines

A

every 24 hours

35
Q

define aneurysm

A

ballooning of a weakened portion of an arterial wall

36
Q

List 3 things that can cause pre-existing aneurysms

A

medial degeneration
congenital
parasitic

8- EQ- Cardiorespiratory Disease (18 decks)

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