Intro to upper respiratory noise Flashcards

1
Q

List some reasons for treating URT noise in horses

A

Dyspnoea
Cosmetics
Poor performance- due to reduced O2 delivery
dysphagia

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2
Q

Describe how to approach diagnosis of URT noise

A

History
examination of the URT at rest
dynamic examination
static respiratory endoscopy
overground dynamic endoscopy

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3
Q

List 3 conditions which can affect external nares of horse

A

Epidermal inclusion cysts (atheromas)- cosmetic
Redundant alar folds
Lacerations affecting nostrils

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4
Q

Name a congenital condition that can affect the external nares

A

wry nose- seen in newborn foals
most euthanised

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5
Q

List the caudal group of paranasal sinuses

A

Caudal maxillary
Dorsal conchal
Ethmoidal
Frontal
Sphenopalatine

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6
Q

Name the rostral group of paranasal sinuses

A

Rostral maxillary
Ventral conchal

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7
Q

Which teeth roots can be found in the maxillary sinuses

A

4th, 5th and 6th cheek teeth roots

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8
Q

which tooth root forms the rostral wall of the rostral maxillary sinus

A

3rd cheek tooth root

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9
Q

List 3 indications for sinus surgery

A

Expansive lesions in paranasal sinus
Primary sinusitis
Severe trauma of facial bones

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10
Q

List 3 advantages of a standing sinus surgery

A

no anaesthetic risks
less haemorrhage
well tolerated by horse

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11
Q

List 3 radiographic findings seen with tooth root infection

A

tooth more radiolucent
loss of definition of lamina dura
change in periapical region appearance

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12
Q

List the 3 masses of the nasal passages

A

fungal granuloma
neoplasia
ethmoid haematoma

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13
Q

What must we consider before sinus surgery

A

which sinus is affected
know anatomical landmarks for each region
consider endoscopic/ laser surgery first as minimally invasive
standing surgery- number of advantages

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14
Q

List 2 conditions which cause noise in the upper respiratory tract of horses

A

RLN- recurrent laryngeal neuropathy (laryngeal hemiplegia/ roaring)
DDSP- dorsal displaced soft palate

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15
Q

what happens in recurrent laryngeal neuropathy

A

paralysis of the larynx
gradual deterioration of the nerve fibres in the larynx –> cartilage of the larynx can collapse

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16
Q

what side is paralysis more likely to be on in RLN?

17
Q

List the 3 most commonly used methods of surgical correction used for RLN

A

Tie back- prosthetic laryngoplasty
Ventriculectomy
Ventriculocordectomy

18
Q

What is DDSP?

A

dorsal displacement of soft palate

19
Q

How does DDSP present? How would you diagnose it?

A

Obstruction when the horse breaths out because the soft palate acts as a parachute
results in a rise in blood CO2 and exercise intolerance
gurling and growling noises when exercising

endoscopy to diagnose

20
Q

What is the gold standard surgery for correction of DDSP?

A

Tie forward

21
Q

Staphylectomy is not recommended as standard for DDSP, but in which cases might it be appropriate? what is the risk?

A

for horses with a mass along the caudal free margin of the soft palate

dysphagia is a risk if too much is resected

22
Q

Describe how to diagnose arytenoid chondritis

A

endoscopy (resting)
palpation- rounded muscular process

23
Q

describe how to treat arytenoid chondritis

A

Medical:
antimicrobials
anti-inflam
+/- Surgical - local excision or arytenoidectomy (if failure of medical management

24
Q

List 3 reasons to perform surgery on the guttural pouch

A

tympany- guttural pouch fills with air
Empyema - filled with pus
chondroids

25
What is the difference between Tracheotomy and Tracheostomy
Tracheotomy (temporary) Tracheostomy (permanent)
26
Describe how we treat nala passage masses
transendoscopic removal
27
How can we identify sinus issues on radiograph
we can look for 'soft tissue' or 'fluid' opacity in the sinuses
28
define exodontia
extraction of a tooth
29
what noise occurs when there is dorsal displacement of the soft palate
expiratory noise
30
what noise occurs when there is is laryngeal paralysis
inspiratory noise
31
List 4 possible complications of laryngeal surgery
dysphagia aspiration pneumonia excessive abduction implant failure
32
How can we diagnose cleft palate
on endoscopy
33
List 3 clinical signs of cleft palate
nasal reflux of milk/food material aspirational pneumonia poor athletic function
34
what is arytenoid chrondritis
infection or inflammation of the arytenoid cartilages
35
where is a tracheotomy performed
in the cranial or mid third of the neck - midline - between and parallel to cartilage rings
36
Describe how to treat guttural pouch empyema
lavage via a foley catheter
37
Describe how to treat guttural pouch chondroids
basket removal lavage or surgery
38
Describe how can we treat a guttural pouch tympany
create a fenestration of the median septum resect the plica salpingopharangeus or create a salpingopharyngeal fistula