Equine infectious respiratory disease Flashcards
Describe how influenza A virus is spread in horses
aerosol ( and fomites)
highly infectious
describe the pathogenesis of influenza A virus .in horses
infection of respiratory epithelial cells (URT)
nasopharyngeal virus shedding
destroys cilia
List the clinical signs of influenza A virus in horses
Fever
cough
nasal discharge (serous, may become mucopurulent- if secondary bacterial infection)
Describe how to treat / prevent influenza A virus in horses
vaccines available
nursing care and anti-inflammatory medication (antibiotics for secondary infection)
Describe how to diagnose influenza A virus in horses
Nasal swab- detection of viral antigen (ELISA), detection of RNA (RT-PCR)
serum samples - detection of antibodies (serology)
Describe how Equine herpesvirus- 1 &4 is spread
inhalation of aerosol
contact with infected fomites
reactivation from latency
describe the common clinical signs of Equine herpesvirus- 1 &4
fever
occasional mild cough
slight nasal discharge
poor performance (age. immunity dependent)
describe the occasional clinical signs of Equine herpesvirus- 1 &4
abortion / sick neonatal foal
neurological disease- equine herpesvirus myeloencephalopathy EHM
describe hoe to treat/ prevent Equine herpesvirus- 1 &4
vaccines avaliable
rest in athletic animals
EHM: nursing care and anti-inflammatory medication
Describe how to diagnose Equine herpesvirus- 1 &4
nasal swab - viral DNA- PCR
blood samples- virus isolation in tissue culture, Detection of antibodies by complement fixation test
DEscribe how Equine viral arteritis (EVA) is spread
respiratory
venereal
congenital routes
indirect means (fomites)
describe the clinical signs of Equine viral arteritis (EVA)
often asymptomatic
fever
nasal discharge
loss of appetitie
respiratory distress
skin rash
muscle soreness
conjunctivitis
depression
describe how to diagnose Equine viral arteritis (EVA)
Virus detection in body secretions or fluids, whole blood, or tissues by virus isolation, RT-PCR and in situ hybridization
ELISA used for routine screening of horses that show no clinical signs of infection, e.g. for pre-breeding or sales requirements.
Describe how to treat/ prevent equine viral arteritis
General supportive care during the acute phase of infection.
There is no treatment to eliminate persistent infection in stallions.
Inactivated virus vaccine
What parasite causes lungworm in horses
Dictyocaulus arnfieldi
describe how horse lungworm is spread
ingestion of L3 larvae from faeces/ pasture
donkeys main source of pasture contamination
describe how to diagnose lungworm in horses
First-stage larvae L1 in faeces (infrequent & few)
Tracheal wash for eggs, larvae & WBCs
[failure of antibiotic therapy, season, history]- diagnosis of elimination
Descrieb the clinical signs of lungworm in horses
moderate-severe coughing (exercise)
mucopurulaent exudate
Describe the pathogenesis of equine viral arteritis
invades upper and lower resp tract
stallions can become persistently infected- become carriers
describe the pathogenesis of equine herpesvirus
infection of resp epithelial cells
describe how to control outbreaks of resp diseases in horses
disinfection
isolation
submission (samples for diagnosis)
hygienic procedures
List 4 common hurdles in the face of outbreak with horse resp disease
Slow identification of affected horses
Delay in diagnostic test results
Owner compliance
Declaration of end of outbreak?
what is the main source of pasture contamination with lungworm
donkeys
Describe how we can treat lungworm in horses
moxidectin or ivermectin
Describe how to diagnose equine lungworm
First-stage larvae L1 in faeces
tracheal wash for eggs, larvae and WBCs
