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8- EQ- Cardiorespiratory Disease > Characterisation of murmurs > Flashcards

Characterisation of murmurs Flashcards

1
Q

Murmurs can be ……. or ……..

A

Physiological or pathological

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2
Q

Physiological murmurs include

A

Ejection murmurs (blood accelerating out of the great vessels),

Filling murmurs (Ventricular filling)

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3
Q

Pathological murmurs are diastolic or systolic, these include..

A

Systolic = mitral regurgitation, tricuspid regurgitation,

Diastolic = Aortic regurgitation

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4
Q

Murmurs can be described based on

A

Timing
Grade
Point of maximal intensity
Radiation
Character and shape

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5
Q

Systole describes

A

between S1 and S2

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6
Q

Diastole describe

A

between S2 and S1

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7
Q

What does holo mean when describing a murmur?

A

Between heart sounds
can still hear the S1 and S2

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8
Q

What does pan mean when describing a murmur?

A

Across heart sounds
Don’t hear S1 and S2

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9
Q

What is longer in horses, systole or diastole?

A

Diastole

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10
Q

How many grades of murmurs are there is horses

A

6

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11
Q

Describe a Grade 1 heart murmur

A

very quiet
localised

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12
Q

Describe a grade 2 heart murmur

A

quieter than S1/S2

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13
Q

describe a grade 3 murmur

A

similar volume to S1/S2

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14
Q

Describe a grade 4 murmur

A

louder than S1/S2

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15
Q

Describe a grade 5 murmur

A

palpable thrill on chest wall

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16
Q

Describe a grade 6 murmur

A

audible with stethoscope off the chest wall

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17
Q

How can murmur radiation be charcterised

A

Cranially
Caudally
Dorsally
Ventrally
Laterally to either side of chest

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18
Q

List the 5 ways you and describe the shape of a murmur

A

Band/plateau
crescendo
decrescendo
crescendo-decrescendo
decrescendo-crescendo

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19
Q

Describe a band murmur

A

the sound is a constant shape- does not change in intensity

20
Q

Describe a Crescendo murmur

A

murmur has increasing intensity

21
Q

describe a Decrescendo murmur

A

murmur decreases in intensity as you hear it

22
Q

Describe a Crescendo-Decrescendo mumur

A

increasing to decreasing intensity of murmur

23
Q

Describe a Decrescendo-crescendo murmur

A

high intensity to low then back to high intensity

24
Q

List the ways in which we can characterise a murmur

A

soft harsh
musical
buzzing

blowing
squeak

25
Q

Describe the signalment of mitral regurgitation in horses

A

all age groups

26
Q

Describe an ejection murmur

A

blood accelerating out of great vessels (aortic and pulmonic)

27
Q

Describe the clinical signs of mitral regurgitation in horse

A

Ranges for being incidental to causing collapse and sudden death

28
Q

describe the Timing of mitral regurgitation

A

Holosystolic
Pan systolic
Mid to late systolic

29
Q

PMI for a murmur caused by mitral regurgitation

A

Left side, over the mitral valve

30
Q

Describe the shape of mitral regurgitation murmur

A

band/plateau
crescendo

31
Q

Describe the Signalment for tricupsid regurgitation

A

All age groups,. racing TB and SB

32
Q

Describe the clinical signs of tricupsid regurgitation

A

Ranges for being incidental to causing collapse and sudden death

33
Q

Describe the timing of tricuspid regurgitation

A

Holosystolic
Pansystolic

34
Q

Describe the PMI of a murmur caused by tricuspid regurgitation

A

Right
Tricuspid valve

35
Q

Describe the radiation of a tricuspid murmur

A

cranio-dorsally

36
Q

Radiation of Mitral Regurgitation murmur

A

Caudo-dorsally

37
Q

Aortic regurgitation is seen in…

A

Middle aged to older horses

38
Q

Clinical signs of aortic regurgitation

A

Commonly incidental, progressive, clinical signs as the animal gets older

39
Q

Describe the timing of an aortic regurgitation murmur

A

Holodiastolic
Pandiastolic

40
Q

Describe the PMI of aoritc regurgitation murmur

A

Left
Aortic valve

41
Q

Describe the radiation of aortic regurgitation

A

caudoventrally, often to right side as well

42
Q

Describe pulmonic insufficency in horses

A

Uncommon in horses
common to see on doppler echocardiography but rarely affects performance

43
Q

List the Well tolerated murmurs in the horse

A

Physiological murmurs
Tricuspid and mitral regurgitation
○ Without structural valvular lesions
Slowly progressive Aortic regurgitation in middle-aged horses

44
Q

List poorly tolerated murmurs in the horse

A

Acute onset murmurs (Ruptured chordae tendinae, Bacterial endocarditis, Valvular disease associated with myocardial disease)
Murmur + Concurrent arrhythmias
Progressive lesions

45
Q

Describe the Plan for a horse with a murmur

A

Cardiovascular assessment
Characterise the murmur
Further investigation?- ECG, echocardiography

8- EQ- Cardiorespiratory Disease (18 decks)

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