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8- EQ- Cardiorespiratory Disease > Respiratory disease of the foal and weanling > Flashcards

Respiratory disease of the foal and weanling Flashcards

1
Q

T/F upper respiratory tract disease is common in foals

A

False- lower respiratory disease

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2
Q

List 5 risk factors of lower resp tract disease in foals

A

Systemic sepsis (FPT)
Congenital abnormalities
Meconium aspiration
Milk aspiration
Birth trauma

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3
Q

Describe how to treat acute respiratory distress syndrome in foals

A

Intranasal oxygen,
Ventilation
Anti-inflammatories – corticosteroids
Broad spectrum anti-microbials

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4
Q

what is the prognosis for foals with Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome

A

poor

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5
Q

what is meconium aspiration syndrome

A

respiratory distress in a foal born through amniotic fluid stained with meconium

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6
Q

List 5 things that meconium aspiration can lead to

A

Mechanical airway obstruction
Regional air trapping
Surfactant inactivation and displacement
Chemical pneumonitis and alveolitis
Persistant pulmonary hypertension

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7
Q

Describe how to treat meconium aspiration syndrome

A

clear the nasal passages and pharynx
intubate and suck anything from past the pharynx
intranasal oxygen
mechanical ventilation
anti-inflammatory
pentoxyfylline
treat secondary bacterial infection

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8
Q

List 4 things milk aspiration can occur secondary to

A

Generalised weakness
Poor suckle reflex
Dysphagia
Congenital abnormalities

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9
Q

Describe how to diagnose milk aspiration in foals

A

history of milk regurgitation
PE findings
Endoscopic examination of URT
Thoracic radiography

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10
Q

Describe how to treat milk aspiration

A

Correction of the cause
Naso-oesophageal feeding tube
Broad spectrum antimicrobial therapy- to protect against secondary bacterial infections

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11
Q

Describe what is seen on radiographs with milk aspiration

A

Increased soft tissue opacity
Alveolar pattern

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12
Q

where do most rib fractures occur in foals

A

Most commonly at the costochondral junction or immediately dorsal to it

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13
Q

describe a flail chest in foals

A

occurs when foal has 2 rib fractures which results in section of rib cage becoming separated from thoracic wall

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14
Q

List 2 things that are seen on physical exam with rib fractures

A

Crepitus at site of fracture
Auscultation – grinding or clicking sound

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15
Q

what is the best way to diagnose rib fractures in foals

A

ultrasound
more sensitive than radiography in these cases

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16
Q

Describe how to treat rib fractures in foals

A

box rest
avoidance of pressure during handling
analgesia
surgical repair- if multiple, of risk of damage to thoracic viscera

17
Q

what age of foals is viral pneumonia more common in

A

older foals

18
Q

List the causes of viral pneumonia in foals

A

EHV-1
EHV-4
Equine Influenza
Equine arteritis virus
Equine adenovirus

19
Q

which viral pneumonia presents similar to neonatal sepsis

A

EHV

20
Q

Describe how to diagnose EHV in foALS

A

pCR testing nasal secretions or whole blooddescr

21
Q

describe how to treat EHV in foals

A

Anti-virals (acyclovir, valacyclovir) – some efficacy in less severely affected foals
Supportive care

22
Q

what causes parasitic pneumonia in foals

A

larvated eggs of Parascaris spp

23
Q

Describe how to treat parasitic pneumonia in foals

A

ultimately self limiting
Anthelmintic treatment recommended- Fenbendazole or Pyrantel should be used

24
Q

what bacteria most commonly causes bacterial pneumonia in neonatal foals

A

E.coli
gram negative

25
Q

what is most common cause of bacterial pneumonia in foals aged 1-6 months

A

Strep equi subs. Zooepidemicus
Rhodococcus Equi - second most common cause

26
Q

describe how Rhodococcus Equi is spread

A

inhalation
foals uniquely suscepttible

27
Q

List the clinical signs associated with Rhodococcus Equi

A

insidious in onset
lower resp tract infection
fever
lethargy
coughing
tachypnoea
dyspnoea
extrapulmonary disorders common- e.g. D+

28
Q

How to diagnose Rhodococcus Equi

A

ultrasound and radiography
Transtracheal wash- cytology and PCR

29
Q

describe the scoring system for Rhodococcus Equi

A

Via ultrasound
No. of abscesses identified is recorded and diameter measures – totaled to generate a total abscess score (cms)
Foals less than 8-10cm typically not receiving treatment

30
Q

Describe how to treat Rhodococcus Equi

A

resp support
NSAIDs
cool shaded area
antimicrobial therapy - Combination of a macrolide and rifampin
Prevention - hyperimmune plasma

8- EQ- Cardiorespiratory Disease (18 decks)

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