Epistaxis in horses Flashcards
Define haemoptysis
coughing up of blood
List the 8 potential sources of epistaxis
Nasal cavity
Paranasal sinuses
Guttural pouch
Oral cavity
Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea
Lungs
If epistaxis originated from nasal cavity it is usually ….
unilateral
List the 3 potential causes of small epistaxis originating from the nasal cavity
foreign bodies
fungal granulomas
neoplasms
List the 3 potential causes of profuse epistaxis originating from the nasal cavity
iatrogenic
ethmoid haematoma
trauma (variable)
List the 4 causes of epistaxis originating from the paranasal sinuses
trauma
neoplasia
ethmoid haematoma
coagulation disorders
List the 7 causes of epistaxis originating from the guttural pouches
Mycosis
foreign body
neoplasia
purpura haemorrhagic
DIC
other clotting defects
rectus capitis muscle rupture
List the 7 possible causes of epistaxis originating from the pharynx/ larynx/ oral cavity
foreign body
neoplasia
purpura
DIC
clotting defects
trauma
iatrogenic
List 6 possible causes of epistaxis originating from the trachea/ lungs
pulmonary haemorrhage- e.g. exercise induced pulmonary haemorrhage
trauma
pneumonia
neoplasia
FB
iatrogenic- e.g. lung biopsy or NG tbe
what is the most common cause of pulmonary haemorrhage in horses
exercise induced pulmonary haemmorhage
Describe how to diagnose what is causing epistaxis
history
complete physical exam
bloods
clotting profile
endoscopy
radiographs
ultrasound
TTW/BAL
How long does it take for PCV/ TP to change in acute blood loss cases
around 4 hours
not appreciated until 12-24 hours after bleeding occurs
how can we decide if a transfusion is needed in blood loss cases
clinical signs
history
oxygen extraction ratio
tachycardia/tachypnoea
cool extremities
pale MM
increased blood lactate
low PCV
