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Physiological Systems > What Is Immunology > Flashcards

What Is Immunology Flashcards

1
Q

Immunology definition

A

Study of the immune system and the mechanisms that provide immune defense
-branch of science dealing with the components of the immune system,immunity from disease ,the immune response and the immunologic techniques of analysis

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2
Q

Immune system

A

-comprises organs,tissues,cells and molecules that provide immune defense against microorganisms
-the immune system distinguishes between self and no self
-components can be non specific or specific

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3
Q

Non specific immunity

A

-available immediately
-first line of defence to any non self material
-inflammation is an example
-acute phase response is a nonspecific response to infection

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4
Q

Specific immunity

A

-involves immune cells recognising specific parts of a microorganisms(proteins, glycoproteins)
-takes longer to develop(not immediate )
-long lasting as memory cells are formed
-immunity can be classed as humoral or cell-mediated

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5
Q

List 2 classifications of immunity

A

-humoral involves the production of antibodies,important for extracellular microorganisms
-cell -mediated involves the production of cells that kill or recruit other callers that kill infected cells,important for extracellular microorganisms

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6
Q

What virus is chicken pox caused by

A

Varicella zoster

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7
Q

Autoimmune diseases

A

Immune system mistakenly attacks bodies own molecules (SELF)
•Treatments aimed at suppressing immunity or specific symptoms

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8
Q

Lupus

A

•autoimmune disease
•Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (lupus)
•B lymphocytes produce antibodies against variety of self-molecules including histones and DNA
•Symptoms: skin rashes, fever, arthritis and kidney malfunction

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9
Q

Immunodeficiency

A

Results when 1 or more components of immune system is missing
•Individuals have frequent infections
•Can be born with disease (primary) or acquire it during lifetime (secondary)
•Severe Combine Immunodeficieny (SCID)
•David Vetter-Bubble boy

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10
Q

Arthritis

A

-autoimmune disease
-Rheumatoid Arthritis-antibody mediated, resulting in damage, pain and inflammation of joints

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11
Q

Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS)

A

-Infection with the retroviruses HIV-1 or HIV-2
•These viruses infect immune cells (which express CD4 including T cells and some antigen presenting cells) and disease progresses into AIDS
•Highly Active Anti Retroviral Treatment (HAART) has had an enormous impact upon survival
•Still no effective vaccine available

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12
Q

HIV and aids

A

-38.4 million people worldwide living with HIV at the end of 2021-25.6 million in WHO African Region

-1.5 million people becoming newly infected with HIV in 2021 globally, fewer than in any year since 1990-60% of new cases were in WHO African Region
-In 2021, 28.7 million people living with HIV were receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART) globally, whereas only 16 million were in 2015
•In 2021, 650,000 people died from HIV-related causes globally (68% less than it’s peak in 2004)
•In 2021, 85% of people with HIV are aware of their infection, compared with 54% in 2015
•Between 2000 and 2021:
•new HIV infections fell by 49%
•HIV-related deaths fell by 61%
•18.6 million lives saved due to ART

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13
Q

Allergies

A

•Exaggerated (hypersensitive) response to ALLERGENS
•1 in 3 people are allergic.
•Genetic predisposition (ATOPY)

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14
Q

Symptoms of allergies

A

-swelling
-Hives(urticaria)
-anaphylactic shock( treated with adrenaline which opens the airways as its a bronchodilator )
-runny eyes and nose(allergic rhinitis)

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15
Q

How are allergies tested

A

Skin allergy test

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16
Q

From which organ do transplant patients have the highest survival rates

A

Kidney

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17
Q

Immunotherapy

A

-Defined as “Treatment of disease by stimulating the body’s own immune system.”
-Regarded as a “Biological Therapy”

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18
Q

Immunoassays

A

-Test used to detect presence/quantity of a substance based on its ability to act as an antigen or antibody
•(ANTIGEN-any molecule that can be recognized by B or T cells
•ANTIBODY-protein produced after contact with antigen)
•Routinely used worldwide in hospitals and research labs

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19
Q

Antibodies structure

A

-all antibodies are made of amino acids
-all antibodies have 2 identical light chains and 2 identical heavy chains

20
Q

What are interferons

A

Cellular proteins produced by cells when they are exposed to a virus

21
Q

What is phagocytosis

A

Process by which certain cells eg neutrophils and macrophages engulf and destroys microorganisms or any foreign particle

22
Q

What is an epitope

A

-It is an antigenic determinant(the part of the antigen that gets recognised by the immune system,specifically the antibodies,b or T cells
-antibodies are specific for an epitope

23
Q

What is an immunogen

A

Molecule which evokes a specific immune response

24
Q

What are cytokines

A

Hormone like molecules that meditate the interaction between cells

25
Q

What are Nk cells

A

Natural killer cells, which are a type of lymphocytes
Destroy infected cells

26
Q

Where do lymphocytes encounter immunogen

A

In secondary lymphoid tissue

27
Q

What is a complement

A

A series of proteins stimulating the lysis of bacteria

28
Q

What is done in order to minimise chances of transplant rejections

A

Major histocompatibility complex antigens are typed

29
Q

What are interferons

A

Anti viral proteins produces by virally infected cells

30
Q

In what immunity are antibodies produced

A

Humoral

31
Q

Examples of non specific immune responses

A

-complement mediated lysis of bacteria
-inflammatory phase
-phagocytic response
-acute phase response

32
Q

What is the acute phase response

A

Group of physiological processed occurring soon after the onset of infection,trauma,inflammatory processes

33
Q

Is phagocytosis a specific defense mechanism

A
34
Q

What are microbes digested in

A

Phagolysome

35
Q

What is a pentamer

A

Reagent used to detect antigen specific cd8 T cells

36
Q

Least abundant antibody in the blood

A

IgE

37
Q

What is the only antibody that crosses the placenta

A

IgG

38
Q

What antibody is found in breast milk

A

IgA

39
Q

Antibody involved in allergic reactions

A

IgE

40
Q

facts about cytokines

A

-released by stimulated helper cells
-they help cytotoxic T cells become active killer cells
-released by stimulated macrophages
-they help stimulate b cells to mature into plasma cells

41
Q

Facts about mhc

A

-class 2 molecules are necessary for antigen presentation
-class 1 are found on most nucleated cells
-class 2 are found on antigen presenting cells
-class 2 are types to minimise graft rejections

42
Q

Atopy

A

Genetic predisposition to develop type 1 hypersensitivity reactions

43
Q

Chemotaxis

A

Movement of cells towards a chemical stimulus

44
Q

Facts about secondary antibody response

A

-antibodies are produced more quickly
-more rapid response occurs due to memory cells
-more antibody is formed than in primary response
-secondary produces better immunity than primary

45
Q

Facts about b lymphocytes

A

-they have antibodies on their surface
-can differentiate into plasma cells and memory cells
-originate ands mature in bone marrow

Physiological Systems (25 decks)

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