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Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

Lung shape and size

A

-related to body size and o2 demand for metabolism
-female have less than 4 l capacity whereas men have a capacity bigge than 4l.
Difference is about 1.5 l
-right lung has 3 lobes and the left lung has 2 due to the cardiac notch on the left

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2
Q

Muscilatory escalator

A

Mucus cell found in the respiratory epithelium produce mucus which traps foreign objects.The debris is moved from small bronchioles to the top of trachea to be swallowed

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3
Q

Components of the upper respiratory system

A

Nose
Nasal cavity
Sinuses
Pharynx

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4
Q

Components of the lower respiratory system

A

Larynx
Trachea
Bronchus
Brioncholes
Smallest brionchioles
Alveoli

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5
Q

Bronchial tree

A

At the bottom here is no longer plates but rings of cartilage due to the more flexible muscle tissue

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6
Q

Respiratory tree

A

• Primary bronchi divide to form secondary, tertiary bronchi etc
• Terminal bronchioles divide into respiratory bronchioles which divide into alveolar ducts that supply air to alveoli
• Gas exchange takes place in the alveoli:
~ O2 is absorbed for cellular respiration (to form ATP)
~ CO2 is eliminated as a waste product of metabolism

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7
Q

Alveoli

A

-lungs contain about 500 million tiny alveoli sacs
-alveoli are 250 μm wide and are surrounded by capillaries

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8
Q

How does alveolar epithelium maximise gas exchange

A

-large surfaced area (100-140 m2)
-thin cellular membranes (0.5-1 μm)
-excellent blood supply (5-25l per minute)
-wet surface alveolar fluid which contains surfactant which raises surface tension

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9
Q

What type of cells secrete surfactant

A

Alveolar epithelial type 2 cells

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10
Q

Link between foetal development and alveolar epithelial cells

A

-lungs must produce surfactant to be ready to breathe at birth
-alveolar type 2 cells secrete surfactant
-type 2 cells fully mature in the 36w
-premature babies can develop respiratory distress syndrome due to the type 2 cells not being mature and Being unable to produce surfactant
-alveolar type 1 cells exchange gases

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11
Q

Pneumocyte

A

Alveolar cells

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12
Q

Alveolar macrophage

A

Immune cells which engulf bacteria

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13
Q

Inspiration

A

-active process
-diaphragm and external inter coastal muscles contract which expands the thoracic cage
-air flows into the lungs by negative pressure -1mmHg ( down a pressure gradient)|

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14
Q

Expiration

A

-passive process
-external intercostal muscles relax allowing thoracic cavity to recoil to its resting position
-air flows out of the lungs by positive pressure +1 mmHg

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15
Q

Other name for quiet breathing

A

Eupnea

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16
Q

What muscles are involved In inhalation

A

-external intercostal muscles with the assistance From the accessory respiratory muscles as needed

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17
Q

List the accessory respiratory muscles (inhalation)

A
  • sternocleidomastoid muscle
    -scalene muscles
    -pectoral is minor muscles
    -serrated anterior muscle
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18
Q

Primary respiratory muscles(inhalation)

A

External intercostal muscles
Diaphragm

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19
Q

Accessory respiratory muscles(exhalation)

A

Transfer out thoracis muscle
Internal intercostal muscles
Recuts abdominis( force air out)

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20
Q

What happens during exhalation

A

The tranversus thoracis and internal intercostal muscles actively depress the ribs and the abdominal muscles compress the abdomen and push the diaphragm up

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21
Q

What is the main stimulus for inspiration

A

High c02 levels in the blood

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22
Q

How does co2 affect the control of breathing

A
  • the medulla monitors falling ph levels(high co2 concentration) in the cerebrospinal fluid and blood

-breathing rate and depth increase as co2 levels rise

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23
Q

How does o2 affects the control of breathing

A

-little effect on breathing except where levels are very low such as High altitude and sleep apnoea

-low 02 levels stimulate deeper breathing, but doesn’t change the rate of breathing

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24
Q

Effect of exercise on breathing

A

-can increase breathing from 5 to 100 litres per minute

-breathing remains high after vigorous exercise to clear oxygen debts caused by anaerobic respiration

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25
Central nervous system control of breathing
- pons enable voluntary control and smooths the transition between breathing in and out -medulla detects ph changes due to rising co2 levels and controls the breathing rate -primarily chemo receptors in the VRG; the rhythm is set by neurons in the pre-botzinger complex Nerves from medulla respiratory groups stimulate the diaphragm and rib muscles to inhale/exhale.
26
What are pons used for
Integrating high level function signalled by the medulla
27
Peripheral control of breathing
-sensors in the caratoid artery detect blood o2 ,co2 and ph levels to help regulated the activity of the medulla -carotid body sensors only stimulate greater breathing when blood 02 levels fall to very low levels eg below 60% - sensors in muscles and tendons (proproceptors) also help to increase respiratory rate during movement
28
Why are chemoreceptors more sensitive to co2 levels
-there are oxygen reserves - the body can’t deal with high co2 levels as it will cause acidification of the blood which might caused degradation of protein whereas the body can function with low o2 levels until the levels are extremely low such as below 60%
29
Thoracic cavity -
- an enclosed cavity -each lung sits inside a pleural cavity -cavity is lined by pleural membrane -space between layers contains intrapleural fluid which lubricates lung movement -voluntary motor neurons stimulate muscle contractions -the lung and thoracic wall contain elastic tissue which enables chest to relax and exhale passively as exhalation is a passive process
30
Types of pressures involved in respiration
-atmospheric -alveolar(intrapulmonary) -intrapleural -trampulmonary
31
Atmospheric pressure
All pressure values are made relative to atmospheric pressure (760 mmHg at sea level)
32
Alveolar(intrapulmonary) pressure
Determines direction of air flow Pressure within alveoli ,equalizes between breaths
33
Intrapleural pressure
-pressure in intrapleural space that keeps the lungs from collapsing -respiratory pump
34
Transpulmonary pressure
Intrapulmonary pressure -intrapleural pressure -helps the lungs remain inflated
35
How does transpulmonary pressure keeps the lungs expanded
-lungs are under tension as they are kept to the thoracic wall by negative pressure in pleural cavity (-4mmHg) -pleural fluid and integrity of pleural cavity maintains negative pleural pressure -compliance eh how stretchy lungs are
36
Why is compliance important in keeping the Lungs expanded
Refers to how stretchy the lungs are -thickening reduces compliance as well as it might reduce the depth of the breath -production of surfactant is also essential
37
Boyle law
In a sealed system increased volume causes decreased pressure , decreased volume causes increased pressure
38
Flow In an open system such as a mammalian respiratory system
-If difference in pressures exist the air will flow down pressure gradient -flow= p1-p2 divided by R - flow= palv- patm divided by r
39
Airway resistance(R)
Determined by airway diameter Increased diameter reduces resistance Usually there is little resistance,things such as asthma can cause higher resistance
40
Inspiration
-increased thoracic volume -pressure in the lungs decreases -air flows in through airway towards the lower pressure
41
Expiration
Thoracic volume decreases Pressure in the lungs increases Air flows out through airway
42
What is the tidal volume near rest
-typically 500 ml -7ml per kg of body weight -12-14 breathes per minute 5-7 litres per minute but more with exercise
43
Volume of the inspiratory reserve
3l
44
Volume of the expiratory reserve volume
1.2 l
45
Volume of residual volume
1.2 l
46
Volume of the functional reserve capacity
2.4l
47
Total volume lung capacity
Vital capacity +residual volume
48
Volume of vital capacity
Men-4.8l Women-3.4 l
49
Lung test FEV1 (Forced expiratory volume in 1 second )
Variant of VC - maximal inspiration then volume expired as fast as possible • Ratio of total volume expired to volume expired in 1secondisamarkerof pulmonary function • >80% = healthy • <80% = possible obstructive pulmonary diseases eg: asthma
50
What do acid base disorders do
Cause insufficient/excess breathing such as respiratory acidosis or alkalosis
51
2 types of lung diseases
Restrictive and obstructive
52
Restrictive lung diseases
Total lung capacity is less than 80% of normal due to poor lung expansion and lung tissue stiffness eg respiratory distress syndromes and pulmonary fibrosis
53
Obstructive and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Forced vital capacity is reduced eg Asthma cystic fribrosis pneumonia bronchitis
54
Lower airway obstruction
Asthma Chronic bronchitis Emphysema Cystic fibrosis
55
Upper airway obstruction
Epiglottis Foreign body obstruction Upper airway tumour
56
What does oxidation of glucose release
Co2,h20, and atp
57
What type of process is metabolism
Normally its aerobic but during excerise it can be anaerobic which produifces lactic acid and much less atp
58
What does the circulatory system do
Delivers o2 to tissues and removes o2 from tissues
59
What does pulmonary circulation do
Absorbs o2 from the air and removes co2 from the body
60
What does systematic circulation do
Delivers 02 to tissues and removed co2 from tissues
61
What does metabolism form
Atp
62
Where are partial pressure gradients for gas exchange located
Across epithelial cell membranes in the alveoli
63
What’s the typical partial pressure of o2
104mmHg and expired air 130mmHg
64
What’s the typical partial pressure of alveolar
co240mmHg and expired are 27mmhg
65
How does pulmonary blood flows
-through the upright lung,greatest at the best and least at the apex due to pulmonary Bp and gravity
66
Pulmonary blood pressure
-25mmHg systolic -8mmHg diastolic
67
Are co2 and o2 uncharged or charged
Uncharged
68
What can co2 and o2 diffuse through
between air and blood in the lungs between blood and cells in the tissues
69
What does carbon monoxide do
It’s a poisonous gas that displaces o2 from haemoglobin binding sites as it has higher affinity
70
How does oxygen pick up and deliver tissues
-• O2 molecules bind to all four iron atoms in haemoglobin molecules in red blood cells and are carried to the tissues - • O2 molecules rapidly dissociate from haemoglobin in the tissues
71
Name the layers of the respiratory epithelia
Respiratory medium(air) Mucous Absorptive epithelial cell Extracellular endothelial cells Red blood cells
72
How thin are endothelial cells
Very thin 1-2 microm
73
How many protein subunits does adult haemoglobin have
-2 alpha subunits and 2 beta subunits -Foetus has 2y - each subunit has a heam group/iron binding site
74
What’s a normal ph of the during metabolism
7.4
75
Effect of increased metabolism on the ph
Ph falls towards 7.2 due to increased co2
76
Bohr shift
Low ph causes more oxygen to be released to active tissues
77
Myoglobin
-oxygen binding protein -very high affinity for 02 and stores o2 for muscles to use during anaerobic metabolism due to hypoxia
78
O2 dissociation for haemoglobin in pregnancy
• A foetus forms foetal (2a2γ) haemoglobin which has a higher affinity for O2 than its mothers haemoglobin (Hb) • Maternal Hb can unload O2 to the foetus via the placenta • After birth the foetal 2a2γ Hb is rapidly broken down and replaced by adult 2a2β Hb • Rapid breakdown of foetal Hb can cause neonatal jaundice and a risk of brain damage
79
Why is co2 eliminated
To prevent acidosis(low ph)
80
What happens when co2 binds to heamoglobin
Forms a carb amino-heamoglobin and is carried to the lungs in red blood cells where release occurs

Physiological Systems (25 decks)

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