Blood Glucose Regulation And Diabetes

Question 1

Function of the Liver

Answer 1

Stores glucose
Produces glucose

Question 2

Function of pancreas

Answer 2

Produces insulin(beta cells)
Produces glucagon(alpha cells)

Question 3

Function of the small intestine

Answer 3

Absorbs glucose

Question 4

What are monosaccharides

Answer 4

simple sugars represent the basic building blocks of carbohydrates, the most important bein

Question 5

Glucose+fructose

Answer 5

Sucrose

Question 6

Glucose+galactose

Answer 6

Lactose

Question 7

What happens to fructose and galactose

Answer 7

Removed entirely removed from the bloodstream by the liver, meaning blood sugar is almost entirely glucose (~90%).

Question 8

Blood glucose when fasted

Answer 8

~ 80-100 milligrams per deciliter

Question 9

Glycogen

Answer 9

Stored glucose

Question 10

Gluconeogenesis

Answer 10

Production of glucose
Can be done from amino acids

Question 11

Glucose uptake in the liver

Answer 11

1. Inulin binds to its receptor on the surface of cells (1 and 2)
2. This causes a specific glucose transporter molecule (GLUT4) to be transported to the cell membrane (3 and 4)
3. Glucose uptake increases as it enters the cell from the blood (5).

Question 12

Effects of insulin on lipid metabolism

Answer 12

o Decreases the rate of lipolysis (fat breakdown) in adipose tissue, lower plasma fatty acid level
o Stimulates fatty acid and triacylglycerol synthesis
o Increases the rate of very-low density lipoprotein formation in liver
o Increases uptake of triglyceride from blood into adipose tissue and muscle o Decreases the rate of fatty acid oxidation in muscle and liver
o Increases rate of cholesterol synthesis in liver

Question 13

Factors affecting insulin secretion

Answer 13

o Primarily altered in response to glucose
o May also be influenced by PNS at rest
o Amino acids may provide a stimulus for transportation/storage o Gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) stimulates insulin secretion o Glucagon signaling in beta cells augments insulin secretion.

Question 14

Role of b cells

Answer 14

-amino acids
-increased plasma glucose
-Insulin
-Sympathetic nerve activity

Question 15

Fucntion of muscles

Answer 15

Stores glucose

Question 16

Most important monosaccharides

Answer 16

-glucose
-fructose
-galactose

Question 17

Polysaccharides

Answer 17

Long chains of monossaccharides ie starch

Question 18

Why Does blood sugar remains around the same level for extended periods if we don’t eat anything

Answer 18

-due to the action of glucagon produced by the pancreas
-this hormone stimulates the liver to release an enduring trickle of glucose into the bloodstream(glucose comes from glycogen stored in the liver)
-if fasting continues for a long time the Oliver can also produce new glucose(mostly the product of amino acids)

Question 19

What does typically the blood glucose peak to

Answer 19

140mg/dL

Question 20

What happens before the peak as consume something

Answer 20

-Ingested glucose is sensed
-pancreas stops the production of glucagon
-insulin is released

Question 21

Why does insulin signal the liver to stop releasing glucose into the blood

Answer 21

-following the spike in insulin levels,a decrease in blood glucose occurs
-this prevents excessive increases in blood glucose and preserves body stores

Question 22

Glucose uptake in the Liver(muscle and fat tissue(

Answer 22

-insulin bind to its receptors on the surface of cells(1 and 2)
-this causes a specific glucose transporter molecule(GLUT4) to be transported to the cell membrane
-glucose uptake increases as it enters the cell from the blood

Question 23

What effect does increase glucose uptake lead to

Answer 23

-decrease in blood glucose to steady levels(90mg/dL)
-insulin also decrease at this time taking 60-180 min depending on meal size

Question 24

Insulin sensitivity

Answer 24

-may be lower in the evening,associated with circadian genes and/or increases FFA levels overall leading to insulin resistance

Question 25

Islet cell

Answer 25

Regions of the pancreas containing its endocrine cells

Question 26

Oral Test for glucose tolerance

Answer 26

o Restingbloodglucose sample o Ingest 75 g glucose orally o Test blood glucose 1 hr post-ingestion o Test blood glucose 2 hr post-ingestion

Question 27

Symptoms of insulin resistance(High blood sugar)

Answer 27

o Increasedthirst o Frequenturination o Increasedhunger o Blurred vision o Headaches o Vaginal and skin infections o Slow-healing cuts and sores

Question 28

Effects of insulin on the body

Answer 28

-weight gain

Question 29

What’s is hyperinsulinemia associated with

Answer 29

o Higher triglyceride levels o Atherosclerosis o Hypertension

Question 30

Insulin resistance is also a key aspect of metabolic syndrome, characterized by the following features:

Answer 30

o Elevated blood glucose levels o An elevated triglyceride level o Low HDL cholest -hypertensiion