What is Diabetes? Flashcards
what is diabetes greek for?
passing through
frequency to urinate
what is mellitus greek for?
sweet or honey like
urine of diabetics is sweet
what is inulin greek for?
island
islet cells in pancreas under microscope look like islands
absolute insulin deficiency is seen in what?
T1DM
relative insulin deficiency is seen in what?
T2DM
failure of insulin synthesis release or activity is seen in what?
MODY
normal HbA1c?
41m/m and below
normal fasting glucose?
6.0 mmol/l and below
pre-diabetes HbA1c?
42-47 mmol/mol
pre-diabetes fasting glucose?
6.1-6.9 mol/L
diabetic HbA1c?
48 m/m and above
diabetic fasting glucose?
7.0 mmol/l and above
diabetic random glucose?
11.1 mmol/l and above
what is defined as fasting?
no calorie intake for at least 8 hours
due to autoimmune β-cell destruction, usually leading to absolute insulin deficiency…
T1DM
due to a progressive loss of β-cell insulin secretion frequently on the background of insulin resistance…
T2DM
gestational diabetes mellitus is diagnosed in what trimesters of pregnancy?
second or third trimester
name some specific types of diabetes
MODY
cystic fibrosis
chemical induced
post transplantation
what does MODY stand for?
maturity-onset diabetes of the young
the presence of what antibodies is seen in T1DM?
anti-GAD and/or anti-islet cell antibodies
what is a diagnosis of exclusion?
T2DM
there is insulitis in what type of diabetes?
T1DM
beta cell failure + absolute insulin deficiency = ?
T1DM
hyperinsulinaemia + insulin resistance = ?
T2DM
Pre-school and peri-puberty Small peak in late 30’s Usually lean Acute Onset severe symptoms severe weight loss ketonuria +/- metabolic acidosis no evidence of microvascular disease at diagnosis immediate and permanent requirement for insulin
diagnosis?
T1DM
state the rule in T1DM
T rule:
Toilet
Thirsty
Tired
Thinner
middle-aged/elderly
usually obese
pre-diagnosis duration of probably 6-10 years
insidious onset over weeks to years
ketonuria minimal or absent
evidence of micro-vascular disease at diagnosis in 20%
managed initially with diet tablets
diagnosis?
T2DM
name the stages of T1DM
stage 1
stage 2
stage 3
which stage of T1DM has clinical symptoms?
stage 3
stage 1 and 2 have autoantibodies
patients with prediabetes should be tested how often?
yearly
worm who were diagnosed with GDM should have lifelong testing at least every _ years
worm who were diagnosed with GDM should have lifelong testing at least every 3 years
for all patients, testing should begin at age what?
45
what are the risk factors for T2DM?
obesity family history age ethnicity MI/stroke medications gestational diabetes
DM presentation?
thirsty polyuria thrush weakness blurred vision infections weight loss neuropathy, retinopathy
ketosis = ?
ketosis = T1DM
people with idiopathic T1DM are from what ancestry?
African or asian
is idiopathic T1DM inherited or HLA associated?
inherited
name the 3 pancreatic diseases that result in diabetes
chronic or recurrent pancreatitis
haemochromatosis
cystic fibrosis
name the 4 endocrine diseases that result in diabetes
Cushing’s syndrome
acromegaly
phaechromocytoma
glucagonoma
name the 3 drugs that cause diabetes
glucocorticoids
diuretics
b-blockers
name the 3 abnormalities of insulin and its receptor
genetic diseases tat cause diabetes
cystic fibrosis
myotonic dystrophy
turner’s syndrome
Strong Family History
Associated Features (renal cysts etc)
Young Onset
GAD-negative
C-peptide positive
diagnosis?
monogenic diabetes
what provides a measure of glucose control over past 2-3 months?
HbA1c
name the rapid-acting analogues
humalog
novorapid
apidra
name the short acting analogues
humulin S
actrapid
insuman rapid
name the intermediate analogues
insulatard
humulin I
insuman basal
name the long acting analogues
lantus
levemir
name the 2 umbrella complications of diabetes
macrovascular
microvascular
name the 2 macrovascular complications of diabetes
heart disease and stroke
name the 3 microvascular complications of diabetes
retinopathy
nephropathy
neuropathy
