What is Diabetes?

Question 1

what is diabetes greek for?

Answer 1

passing through

frequency to urinate

Question 2

what is mellitus greek for?

Answer 2

sweet or honey like

urine of diabetics is sweet

Question 3

what is inulin greek for?

Answer 3

island

islet cells in pancreas under microscope look like islands

Question 4

absolute insulin deficiency is seen in what?

Answer 4

T1DM

Question 5

relative insulin deficiency is seen in what?

Answer 5

T2DM

Question 6

failure of insulin synthesis release or activity is seen in what?

Answer 6

MODY

Question 7

normal HbA1c?

Answer 7

41m/m and below

Question 8

normal fasting glucose?

Answer 8

6.0 mmol/l and below

Question 9

pre-diabetes HbA1c?

Answer 9

42-47 mmol/mol

Question 10

pre-diabetes fasting glucose?

Answer 10

6.1-6.9 mol/L

Question 11

diabetic HbA1c?

Answer 11

48 m/m and above

Question 12

diabetic fasting glucose?

Answer 12

7.0 mmol/l and above

Question 13

diabetic random glucose?

Answer 13

11.1 mmol/l and above

Question 14

what is defined as fasting?

Answer 14

no calorie intake for at least 8 hours

Question 15

due to autoimmune β-cell destruction, usually leading to absolute insulin deficiency…

Answer 15

T1DM

Question 16

due to a progressive loss of β-cell insulin secretion frequently on the background of insulin resistance…

Answer 16

T2DM

Question 17

gestational diabetes mellitus is diagnosed in what trimesters of pregnancy?

Answer 17

second or third trimester

Question 18

name some specific types of diabetes

Answer 18

MODY
cystic fibrosis
chemical induced
post transplantation

Question 19

what does MODY stand for?

Answer 19

maturity-onset diabetes of the young

Question 20

the presence of what antibodies is seen in T1DM?

Answer 20

anti-GAD and/or anti-islet cell antibodies

Question 21

what is a diagnosis of exclusion?

Answer 21

T2DM

Question 22

there is insulitis in what type of diabetes?

Answer 22

T1DM

Question 23

beta cell failure + absolute insulin deficiency = ?

Answer 23

T1DM

Question 24

hyperinsulinaemia + insulin resistance = ?

Answer 24

T2DM

Question 25

``` Pre-school and peri-puberty Small peak in late 30’s Usually lean Acute Onset severe symptoms severe weight loss ketonuria +/- metabolic acidosis no evidence of microvascular disease at diagnosis immediate and permanent requirement for insulin ``` diagnosis?

Answer 25

T1DM

Question 26

state the rule in T1DM

Answer 26

T rule: Toilet Thirsty Tired Thinner

Question 27

middle-aged/elderly usually obese pre-diagnosis duration of probably 6-10 years insidious onset over weeks to years ketonuria minimal or absent evidence of micro-vascular disease at diagnosis in 20% managed initially with diet tablets diagnosis?

Answer 27

T2DM

Question 28

name the stages of T1DM

Answer 28

stage 1 stage 2 stage 3

Question 29

which stage of T1DM has clinical symptoms?

Answer 29

stage 3 stage 1 and 2 have autoantibodies

Question 30

patients with prediabetes should be tested how often?

Answer 30

yearly

Question 31

worm who were diagnosed with GDM should have lifelong testing at least every _ years

Answer 31

worm who were diagnosed with GDM should have lifelong testing at least every 3 years

Question 32

for all patients, testing should begin at age what?

Answer 32

45

Question 33

what are the risk factors for T2DM?

Answer 33

``` obesity family history age ethnicity MI/stroke medications gestational diabetes ```

Question 34

DM presentation?

Answer 34

``` thirsty polyuria thrush weakness blurred vision infections weight loss neuropathy, retinopathy ```

Question 35

ketosis = ?

Answer 35

ketosis = T1DM

Question 36

people with idiopathic T1DM are from what ancestry?

Answer 36

African or asian

Question 37

is idiopathic T1DM inherited or HLA associated?

Answer 37

inherited

Question 38

name the 3 pancreatic diseases that result in diabetes

Answer 38

chronic or recurrent pancreatitis haemochromatosis cystic fibrosis

Question 39

name the 4 endocrine diseases that result in diabetes

Answer 39

Cushing's syndrome acromegaly phaechromocytoma glucagonoma

Question 40

name the 3 drugs that cause diabetes

Answer 40

glucocorticoids diuretics b-blockers

Question 41

name the 3 abnormalities of insulin and its receptor | genetic diseases tat cause diabetes

Answer 41

cystic fibrosis myotonic dystrophy turner's syndrome

Question 42

Strong Family History Associated Features (renal cysts etc) Young Onset GAD-negative C-peptide positive diagnosis?

Answer 42

monogenic diabetes

Question 43

what provides a measure of glucose control over past 2-3 months?

Answer 43

HbA1c

Question 44

name the rapid-acting analogues

Answer 44

humalog novorapid apidra

Question 45

name the short acting analogues

Answer 45

humulin S actrapid insuman rapid

Question 46

name the intermediate analogues

Answer 46

insulatard humulin I insuman basal

Question 47

name the long acting analogues

Answer 47

lantus | levemir

Question 48

name the 2 umbrella complications of diabetes

Answer 48

macrovascular microvascular

Question 49

name the 2 macrovascular complications of diabetes

Answer 49

heart disease and stroke

Question 50

name the 3 microvascular complications of diabetes

Answer 50

retinopathy nephropathy neuropathy