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Endocrinology > What is Diabetes? > Flashcards

What is Diabetes? Flashcards

1
Q

what is diabetes greek for?

A

passing through

frequency to urinate

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2
Q

what is mellitus greek for?

A

sweet or honey like

urine of diabetics is sweet

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3
Q

what is inulin greek for?

A

island

islet cells in pancreas under microscope look like islands

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4
Q

absolute insulin deficiency is seen in what?

A

T1DM

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5
Q

relative insulin deficiency is seen in what?

A

T2DM

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6
Q

failure of insulin synthesis release or activity is seen in what?

A

MODY

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7
Q

normal HbA1c?

A

41m/m and below

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8
Q

normal fasting glucose?

A

6.0 mmol/l and below

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9
Q

pre-diabetes HbA1c?

A

42-47 mmol/mol

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10
Q

pre-diabetes fasting glucose?

A

6.1-6.9 mol/L

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11
Q

diabetic HbA1c?

A

48 m/m and above

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12
Q

diabetic fasting glucose?

A

7.0 mmol/l and above

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13
Q

diabetic random glucose?

A

11.1 mmol/l and above

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14
Q

what is defined as fasting?

A

no calorie intake for at least 8 hours

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15
Q

due to autoimmune β-cell destruction, usually leading to absolute insulin deficiency…

A

T1DM

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16
Q

due to a progressive loss of β-cell insulin secretion frequently on the background of insulin resistance…

A

T2DM

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17
Q

gestational diabetes mellitus is diagnosed in what trimesters of pregnancy?

A

second or third trimester

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18
Q

name some specific types of diabetes

A

MODY
cystic fibrosis
chemical induced
post transplantation

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19
Q

what does MODY stand for?

A

maturity-onset diabetes of the young

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20
Q

the presence of what antibodies is seen in T1DM?

A

anti-GAD and/or anti-islet cell antibodies

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21
Q

what is a diagnosis of exclusion?

A

T2DM

22
Q

there is insulitis in what type of diabetes?

A

T1DM

23
Q

beta cell failure + absolute insulin deficiency = ?

A

T1DM

24
Q

hyperinsulinaemia + insulin resistance = ?

A

T2DM

25
Q 
Pre-school and peri-puberty
Small peak in late 30’s
Usually lean
Acute Onset
severe symptoms
severe weight loss
ketonuria +/- metabolic acidosis
no evidence of microvascular disease at diagnosis
immediate and permanent requirement for insulin

diagnosis?

A

T1DM

26
Q

state the rule in T1DM

A

T rule:

Toilet
Thirsty
Tired
Thinner

27
Q

middle-aged/elderly
usually obese
pre-diagnosis duration of probably 6-10 years
insidious onset over weeks to years
ketonuria minimal or absent
evidence of micro-vascular disease at diagnosis in 20%
managed initially with diet tablets

diagnosis?

A

T2DM

28
Q

name the stages of T1DM

A

stage 1
stage 2
stage 3

29
Q

which stage of T1DM has clinical symptoms?

A

stage 3

stage 1 and 2 have autoantibodies

30
Q

patients with prediabetes should be tested how often?

A

yearly

31
Q

worm who were diagnosed with GDM should have lifelong testing at least every _ years

A

worm who were diagnosed with GDM should have lifelong testing at least every 3 years

32
Q

for all patients, testing should begin at age what?

A

45

33
Q

what are the risk factors for T2DM?

A 
obesity
family history
age
ethnicity
MI/stroke
medications
gestational diabetes
34
Q

DM presentation?

A 
thirsty
polyuria
thrush
weakness
blurred vision
infections
weight loss
neuropathy, retinopathy
35
Q

ketosis = ?

A

ketosis = T1DM

36
Q

people with idiopathic T1DM are from what ancestry?

A

African or asian

37
Q

is idiopathic T1DM inherited or HLA associated?

A

inherited

38
Q

name the 3 pancreatic diseases that result in diabetes

A

chronic or recurrent pancreatitis
haemochromatosis
cystic fibrosis

39
Q

name the 4 endocrine diseases that result in diabetes

A

Cushing’s syndrome
acromegaly
phaechromocytoma
glucagonoma

40
Q

name the 3 drugs that cause diabetes

A

glucocorticoids
diuretics
b-blockers

41
Q

name the 3 abnormalities of insulin and its receptor

genetic diseases tat cause diabetes

A

cystic fibrosis
myotonic dystrophy
turner’s syndrome

42
Q

Strong Family History

Associated Features (renal cysts etc)

Young Onset

GAD-negative

C-peptide positive

diagnosis?

A

monogenic diabetes

43
Q

what provides a measure of glucose control over past 2-3 months?

A

HbA1c

44
Q

name the rapid-acting analogues

A

humalog
novorapid
apidra

45
Q

name the short acting analogues

A

humulin S
actrapid
insuman rapid

46
Q

name the intermediate analogues

A

insulatard
humulin I
insuman basal

47
Q

name the long acting analogues

A

lantus

levemir

48
Q

name the 2 umbrella complications of diabetes

A

macrovascular

microvascular

49
Q

name the 2 macrovascular complications of diabetes

A

heart disease and stroke

50
Q

name the 3 microvascular complications of diabetes

A

retinopathy
nephropathy
neuropathy

Endocrinology (31 decks)

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