Hormones and Receptors

Question 1

the endocrine system consists of ________ endocrine glands

Answer 1

the endocrine system consists of DUCTLESS endocrine glands

Question 2

hypothalamus releases ______________ _________ ______ (___) that stimulates the _________ pituitary to release ___________________ _______ (____) that in turn causes the adrenal cortex to synthesise and release ________

Answer 2

hypothalamus releases CORTICOTROPHIN RELEASING FACTOR (CRF) that stimulates the ANTERIOR pituitary to release ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE (ACTH) that in turn causes the adrenal cortex to synthesise and release CORTISOL

Question 3

name the 4 chemical natures of hormones

Answer 3

modified amino acids
steroids
peptides
proteins

Question 4

what are modified amino acids derived from?

Answer 4

tyrosine, tyramine

Question 5

what are steroids derived from?

Answer 5

cholesterol

Question 6

what are peptides derived from?

Answer 6

larger precursor proteins

Question 7

give an example of a modified amino acid hormone

Answer 7

adrenaline, T3, T4…

Question 8

give an example of a steroid hormone

Answer 8

cortisol, progesterone, testosterone

Question 9

give an example of a peptide hormone

Answer 9

ACTH, ADH, oxytocin

Question 10

give an example of a protein hormone

Answer 10

insulin

Question 11

name the 3 types of chemical signalling

Answer 11

autocrine
paracrine
endocrine

Question 12

what hormone lowers plasma glucose levels?

Answer 12

insulin

Question 13

what hormone increases plasma glucose levels?

Answer 13

glucagon

Question 14

amines are ______philic

Answer 14

amines are HYDROphilic so is transported free in plasma

Question 15

peptides are ______philic

Answer 15

peptides are HYDROphilic so is transported free in plasma

Question 16

what type of hormone is synthesises and secreted on demand?

Answer 16

steroids

Question 17

steroids are _____phobic

Answer 17

steroids are HYDROphobic so are transported bound to proteins

Question 18

steroids, __ and __ are insoluble in plasma

Answer 18

steroids, T3 and T4 are insoluble in plasma

Question 19

name the 3 important specific carrier proteins of steroids

Answer 19

CBG - cortisol binding globulin

TBG - thyroxine binding globulin

SSBG - sex-steroid binding globulin

Question 20

name the 2 important general carrier proteins

Answer 20

albumin and transthyretin

Question 21

what hormones do not need carrier proteins?

Answer 21

proteins and peptides

Question 22

only ____ hormone can cross the capillary wall to activate receptor in target tissues

Answer 22

only FREE hormone can cross the capillary wall to activate receptor in target tissues

Question 23

the HPA axis is an example of ________ feedback

Answer 23

the HPA axis is an example of NEGATIVE feedback

Question 24

outline the HPA axis

Answer 24

Hypothalamus secretes CRF that acts on anterior Pituitary to secrete ACTH that acts on Adrenal cortex to secrete cortisol

Question 25

what causes the hypothalamus to secrete CRF

Answer 25

stress

Question 26

the rate of elimination of amines and proteins/peptides is ____ whereas steroids and thyroid hormones is ____

Answer 26

the rate of elimination of amines and proteins/peptides is FAST whereas steroids and thyroid hormones is SLOW

Question 27

name the 3 types of hormone receptor

Answer 27

GPCR receptor kinases nuclear receptors

Question 28

name the 3 classes of nuclear receptors

Answer 28

``` class 1 class 2 hybrid class ```

Question 29

the ligand to GPCR and receptor kinases is ______philic

Answer 29

the ligand to GPCR and receptor kinases is HYDROphilic

Question 30

the ligand to nuclear receptors is ______philic

Answer 30

the ligand to nuclear receptors is LIPOphilic

Question 31

what are cell surface receptors and what are intracellular receptors: GPCR - receptor kinases - nuclear receptors -

Answer 31

GPCR - cell surface receptor kinases - cell surface nuclear receptors - intracellular

Question 32

what are the following activated by: GPCR - receptor kinases - nuclear receptors class 1 - nuclear receptors class 2 -

Answer 32

GPCR - AMINES receptor kinases - PROTEINS/PEPTIDES nuclear receptors class 1 - STEROID HORMONES nuclear receptors class 2 - LIPIDS

Question 33

what hormones does the anterior pituitary release?

Answer 33

``` ACTH GH FSH LH prolactin TSH ```

Question 34

what hormones does the posterior pituitary release?

Answer 34

ADH | oxytocin

Question 35

what hormones do the following release: thyroid - pancreas - adrenal cortex - adrenal gland -

Answer 35

thyroid - T4 and T3 pancreas - GLUCAGON AND INSULIN adrenal cortex - GLUCOCORTICOSTEROIDS AND ALDOSTERONE adrenal gland - ADRENALINE AND NORADRENALINE