Hormones and Receptors Flashcards
the endocrine system consists of ________ endocrine glands
the endocrine system consists of DUCTLESS endocrine glands
hypothalamus releases ______________ _________ ______ (___) that stimulates the _________ pituitary to release ___________________ _______ (____) that in turn causes the adrenal cortex to synthesise and release ________
hypothalamus releases CORTICOTROPHIN RELEASING FACTOR (CRF) that stimulates the ANTERIOR pituitary to release ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE (ACTH) that in turn causes the adrenal cortex to synthesise and release CORTISOL
name the 4 chemical natures of hormones
modified amino acids
steroids
peptides
proteins
what are modified amino acids derived from?
tyrosine, tyramine
what are steroids derived from?
cholesterol
what are peptides derived from?
larger precursor proteins
give an example of a modified amino acid hormone
adrenaline, T3, T4…
give an example of a steroid hormone
cortisol, progesterone, testosterone
give an example of a peptide hormone
ACTH, ADH, oxytocin
give an example of a protein hormone
insulin
name the 3 types of chemical signalling
autocrine
paracrine
endocrine
what hormone lowers plasma glucose levels?
insulin
what hormone increases plasma glucose levels?
glucagon
amines are ______philic
amines are HYDROphilic so is transported free in plasma
peptides are ______philic
peptides are HYDROphilic so is transported free in plasma
what type of hormone is synthesises and secreted on demand?
steroids
steroids are _____phobic
steroids are HYDROphobic so are transported bound to proteins
steroids, __ and __ are insoluble in plasma
steroids, T3 and T4 are insoluble in plasma
name the 3 important specific carrier proteins of steroids
CBG - cortisol binding globulin
TBG - thyroxine binding globulin
SSBG - sex-steroid binding globulin
name the 2 important general carrier proteins
albumin and transthyretin
what hormones do not need carrier proteins?
proteins and peptides
only ____ hormone can cross the capillary wall to activate receptor in target tissues
only FREE hormone can cross the capillary wall to activate receptor in target tissues
the HPA axis is an example of ________ feedback
the HPA axis is an example of NEGATIVE feedback
outline the HPA axis
Hypothalamus secretes CRF that acts on anterior Pituitary to secrete ACTH that acts on Adrenal cortex to secrete cortisol
what causes the hypothalamus to secrete CRF
stress
the rate of elimination of amines and proteins/peptides is ____ whereas steroids and thyroid hormones is ____
the rate of elimination of amines and proteins/peptides is FAST whereas steroids and thyroid hormones is SLOW
name the 3 types of hormone receptor
GPCR
receptor kinases
nuclear receptors
name the 3 classes of nuclear receptors
class 1 class 2 hybrid class
the ligand to GPCR and receptor kinases is ______philic
the ligand to GPCR and receptor kinases is HYDROphilic
the ligand to nuclear receptors is ______philic
the ligand to nuclear receptors is LIPOphilic
what are cell surface receptors and what are intracellular receptors:
GPCR -
receptor kinases -
nuclear receptors -
GPCR - cell surface
receptor kinases - cell surface
nuclear receptors - intracellular
what are the following activated by:
GPCR -
receptor kinases -
nuclear receptors class 1 -
nuclear receptors class 2 -
GPCR - AMINES
receptor kinases - PROTEINS/PEPTIDES
nuclear receptors class 1 - STEROID HORMONES
nuclear receptors class 2 - LIPIDS
what hormones does the anterior pituitary release?
ACTH GH FSH LH prolactin TSH
what hormones does the posterior pituitary release?
ADH
oxytocin
what hormones do the following release:
thyroid -
pancreas -
adrenal cortex -
adrenal gland -
thyroid - T4 and T3
pancreas - GLUCAGON AND INSULIN
adrenal cortex - GLUCOCORTICOSTEROIDS AND ALDOSTERONE
adrenal gland - ADRENALINE AND NORADRENALINE
