Biochemistry

Question 1

what cells make up the pancreatic islet?

Answer 1

alpha cells
beta cells
delta cells
PP cells

Question 2

what does it secrete:

alpha cells

Answer 2

insulin

Question 3

what does it secrete:

beta cells

Answer 3

glucagon

Question 4

what does it secrete:

delta cells

Answer 4

somatostatin

Question 5

what does it secrete:

PP cells

Answer 5

pancreatic polypeptide

Question 6

the insulin peptide structure has _ polypeptide chains linked by what type of bond?

Answer 6

the insulin peptide structure has 2 polypeptide chains linked by DISULFIDE BONDS

Question 7

name the type of insulin that is…

ultra fast/ultra short acting

Answer 7

lispro

Question 8

name the type of insulin that is…

short-acting

Answer 8

regular

Question 9

name the type of insulin that is…

intermediate acting

Answer 9

NPH/lente

Question 10

name the type of insulin that is…

long acting

Answer 10

ultralente

Question 11

name the type of insulin that is…

ultra long acting

Answer 11

glargine

Question 12

insulin lispro is ____meric

Answer 12

insulin lispro is MONOmeric

Question 13

glargine is administered at what time of the day?

Answer 13

bedtime

Question 14

glucose enters _ cells through the _____ glucose transporter and is phosphorylated by ___________

Answer 14

glucose enters BETA cells through the GLUT2 glucose transporter and is phosphorylated by GLUCOKINASE

Question 15

Increased metabolism of glucose leads to an increase in intracellular ___ concentration

Answer 15

Increased metabolism of glucose leads to an increase in intracellular ATP concentration

Question 16

how many ATP are produced per glucose?

Answer 16

36

Question 17

glucose-6-P -> __________ -> acetyl-CoA -> ___ cycle

Answer 17

glucose-6-P -> GLYCOLYSIS -> acetyl-CoA -> TCA cycle

Question 18

ATP inhibits what channel?

Answer 18

K+ channel

Question 19

inhibition of the K+ channel leads to hyper/depolarisation of the cell membrane

Answer 19

inhibition of the K+ channel leads to DEPOLARISATION of the cell membrane

Question 20

depolarisation of the cell membrane results in opening of what channel?

Answer 20

voltage gated Ca2+ channel

Question 21

increase in internal Ca2+ concentration leads to release of what?

Answer 21

insulin

Question 22

insulin should only be secreted in response to blood glucose rising above what?

Answer 22

5mM

Question 23

in T1DM, beta cells are….

Answer 23

lost

Question 24

release of insulin is __phasic

Answer 24

release of insulin is BIphasic

Question 25

sulphonylurea drugs mimic the action of ___ to depolarise ____ cells

Answer 25

sulphonylurea drugs mimic the action of ATP to depolarise BETA cells

Question 26

Kir6 and SUR1 are 2 proteins that make up what channel?

Answer 26

Katp channel

Question 27

Kir6.2 mutations can lead to _________ diabetes

Answer 27

Kir6.2 mutations can lead to NEONATAL diabetes

Question 28

some Kir6.2 or SUR1 mutations lead to congenital _________________

Answer 28

some Kir6.2 or SUR1 mutations lead to congenital HYPERINSULINISM

Question 29

monogenic diabetes with genetic defect in b cell function familial form of early-onset type II diabetes, primary defects in insulin secretion mutations in at least 6 different genes (150 different mutations) can cause diagnosis?

Answer 29

MODY

Question 30

activity of what is impaired in MODY2?

Answer 30

glucokinase activity

Question 31

MODY is treated with ______________ whereas T1DM is treated with _______

Answer 31

MODY is treated with SULPHONYLUREA whereas T1DM is treated with INSULIN

Question 32

loss of insulin secreting beta cells diagnosis?

Answer 32

T1DM

Question 33

defective glucose sensing in the pancreas and/or loss of insulin secretion diagnosis?

Answer 33

MODY

Question 34

initially hyperglycemia with hyperinsulinemia so primary problem is reduced insulin sensitivity in tissues diagnosis?

Answer 34

T2DM

Question 35

biological effect of insulin: 1. Amino acid uptake in muscle 2. Lipolysis 3. DNA synthesis 4. Protein synthesis 5. Growth responses 6. Glucose uptake in muscle and adipose tissue 7. Gluconeogenesis in liver 8. Lipogenesis in adipose tissue and liver 9. Glycogen synthesis in liver and muscle what's turned on and whats turned off?

Answer 35

1. Amino acid uptake in muscle - ON 2. Lipolysis - OFF 3. DNA synthesis - ON 4. Protein synthesis - ON 5. Growth responses - ON 6. Glucose uptake in muscle and adipose tissue - ON 7. Gluconeogenesis in liver - OFF 8. Lipogenesis in adipose tissue and liver - ON 9. Glycogen synthesis in liver and muscle - ON

Question 36

name the type of receptor that insulin binds to

Answer 36

receptor tyrosine kinase

Question 37

rare autosomal recessive genetic trait mutations in the gene for the insulin receptor severe insulin resistance developmental abnormalities: - elfin facial appearance - growth retardation - absence of subcutaneous fat, decreased muscle mass caused by defects in insulin binding or insulin receptor signalling diagnosis?

Answer 37

leprechaunism – Donohue syndrome

Question 38

rare autosomal recessive genetic trait severe insulin resistance, hyperglycemia and compensatory hyperinsulinemia developmental abnormalities acanthosis nigricans (hyperpigmentation) fasting hypoglycaemia (due to hyperinsulinemia) diabetic ketoacidosis Ssevere cases linked to mutations in the insulin receptor that reduce sensitivity diagnosis?

Answer 38

Rabson Mendenhall syndrome

Question 39

vomiting dehydration increased heart rate distinctive smell on breath diagnosis?

Answer 39

diabetic ketoacidosis - DKA

Question 40

where are ketone bodies formed?

Answer 40

liver mitochondria

Question 41

in T1DM, DKA is a danger is insulin supplementation is ______

Answer 41

in T1DM, DKA is a danger is insulin supplementation is MISSED

Question 42

DKA is more rare in T_DM

Answer 42

DKA is more rare in T2DM

Question 43

if supply of ____________ is limited (eg no glycolysis) the Acetyl CoA diverted to ketones

Answer 43

if supply of OXALOACETATE is limited (eg no glycolysis) the Acetyl CoA diverted to ketones

Question 44

when glucose is not available, what are oxidised to provide energy?

Answer 44

fatty acids

Question 45

accumulation of ketone bodies leads to what?

Answer 45

acidosis