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Endocrinology > Biochemistry > Flashcards

Biochemistry Flashcards

1
Q

what cells make up the pancreatic islet?

A

alpha cells
beta cells
delta cells
PP cells

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2
Q

what does it secrete:

alpha cells

A

insulin

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3
Q

what does it secrete:

beta cells

A

glucagon

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4
Q

what does it secrete:

delta cells

A

somatostatin

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5
Q

what does it secrete:

PP cells

A

pancreatic polypeptide

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6
Q

the insulin peptide structure has _ polypeptide chains linked by what type of bond?

A

the insulin peptide structure has 2 polypeptide chains linked by DISULFIDE BONDS

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7
Q

name the type of insulin that is…

ultra fast/ultra short acting

A

lispro

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8
Q

name the type of insulin that is…

short-acting

A

regular

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9
Q

name the type of insulin that is…

intermediate acting

A

NPH/lente

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10
Q

name the type of insulin that is…

long acting

A

ultralente

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11
Q

name the type of insulin that is…

ultra long acting

A

glargine

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12
Q

insulin lispro is ____meric

A

insulin lispro is MONOmeric

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13
Q

glargine is administered at what time of the day?

A

bedtime

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14
Q

glucose enters _ cells through the _____ glucose transporter and is phosphorylated by ___________

A

glucose enters BETA cells through the GLUT2 glucose transporter and is phosphorylated by GLUCOKINASE

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15
Q

Increased metabolism of glucose leads to an increase in intracellular ___ concentration

A

Increased metabolism of glucose leads to an increase in intracellular ATP concentration

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16
Q

how many ATP are produced per glucose?

A

36

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17
Q

glucose-6-P -> __________ -> acetyl-CoA -> ___ cycle

A

glucose-6-P -> GLYCOLYSIS -> acetyl-CoA -> TCA cycle

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18
Q

ATP inhibits what channel?

A

K+ channel

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19
Q

inhibition of the K+ channel leads to hyper/depolarisation of the cell membrane

A

inhibition of the K+ channel leads to DEPOLARISATION of the cell membrane

20
Q

depolarisation of the cell membrane results in opening of what channel?

A

voltage gated Ca2+ channel

21
Q

increase in internal Ca2+ concentration leads to release of what?

A

insulin

22
Q

insulin should only be secreted in response to blood glucose rising above what?

A

5mM

23
Q

in T1DM, beta cells are….

A

lost

24
Q

release of insulin is __phasic

A

release of insulin is BIphasic

25
Q

sulphonylurea drugs mimic the action of ___ to depolarise ____ cells

A

sulphonylurea drugs mimic the action of ATP to depolarise BETA cells

26
Q

Kir6 and SUR1 are 2 proteins that make up what channel?

A

Katp channel

27
Q

Kir6.2 mutations can lead to _________ diabetes

A

Kir6.2 mutations can lead to NEONATAL diabetes

28
Q

some Kir6.2 or SUR1 mutations lead to congenital _________________

A

some Kir6.2 or SUR1 mutations lead to congenital HYPERINSULINISM

29
Q

monogenic diabetes with genetic defect in b cell function

familial form of early-onset type II diabetes, primary defects in insulin secretion

mutations in at least 6 different genes (150 different mutations) can cause

diagnosis?

A

MODY

30
Q

activity of what is impaired in MODY2?

A

glucokinase activity

31
Q

MODY is treated with ______________ whereas T1DM is treated with _______

A

MODY is treated with SULPHONYLUREA whereas T1DM is treated with INSULIN

32
Q

loss of insulin secreting beta cells

diagnosis?

A

T1DM

33
Q

defective glucose sensing in the pancreas and/or loss of insulin secretion

diagnosis?

A

MODY

34
Q

initially hyperglycemia with hyperinsulinemia so primary problem is reduced insulin sensitivity in tissues

diagnosis?

A

T2DM

35
Q

biological effect of insulin:

  1. Amino acid uptake in muscle
  2. Lipolysis
  3. DNA synthesis
  4. Protein synthesis
  5. Growth responses
  6. Glucose uptake in muscle and adipose tissue
  7. Gluconeogenesis in liver
  8. Lipogenesis in adipose tissue and liver
  9. Glycogen synthesis in liver and muscle

what’s turned on and whats turned off?

A
  1. Amino acid uptake in muscle - ON
  2. Lipolysis - OFF
  3. DNA synthesis - ON
  4. Protein synthesis - ON
  5. Growth responses - ON
  6. Glucose uptake in muscle and adipose tissue - ON
  7. Gluconeogenesis in liver - OFF
  8. Lipogenesis in adipose tissue and liver - ON
  9. Glycogen synthesis in liver and muscle - ON
36
Q

name the type of receptor that insulin binds to

A

receptor tyrosine kinase

37
Q

rare autosomal recessive genetic trait

mutations in the gene for the insulin receptor

severe insulin resistance

developmental abnormalities:

  • elfin facial appearance
  • growth retardation
  • absence of subcutaneous fat, decreased muscle mass

caused by defects in insulin binding or insulin receptor signalling

diagnosis?

A

leprechaunism – Donohue syndrome

38
Q

rare autosomal recessive genetic trait

severe insulin resistance, hyperglycemia and compensatory hyperinsulinemia

developmental abnormalities

acanthosis nigricans (hyperpigmentation)

fasting hypoglycaemia (due to hyperinsulinemia)

diabetic ketoacidosis

Ssevere cases linked to mutations in the insulin receptor that reduce sensitivity

diagnosis?

A

Rabson Mendenhall syndrome

39
Q

vomiting
dehydration
increased heart rate
distinctive smell on breath

diagnosis?

A

diabetic ketoacidosis - DKA

40
Q

where are ketone bodies formed?

A

liver mitochondria

41
Q

in T1DM, DKA is a danger is insulin supplementation is ______

A

in T1DM, DKA is a danger is insulin supplementation is MISSED

42
Q

DKA is more rare in T_DM

A

DKA is more rare in T2DM

43
Q

if supply of ____________ is limited (eg no glycolysis) the Acetyl CoA diverted to ketones

A

if supply of OXALOACETATE is limited (eg no glycolysis) the Acetyl CoA diverted to ketones

44
Q

when glucose is not available, what are oxidised to provide energy?

A

fatty acids

45
Q

accumulation of ketone bodies leads to what?

A

acidosis

Endocrinology (31 decks)

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