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Endocrinology > Physiology - Thyroid > Flashcards

Physiology - Thyroid Flashcards

1
Q

thyroid gland tissue secretes what?

A

thyroxine (T4)
tri-iodothyronine (T3)
calcitonin

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2
Q

the 4 parathyroid glands secrete what?

A

parathyroid hormone (PTH)

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3
Q

the thyroid is situated between the _th cervical and _st thoracic vertebrae

A

the thyroid is situated between the 5th cervical and 1st thoracic vertebrae

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4
Q

what is sometimes absent from the thyroid?

A

isthmus

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5
Q

thyroid innervation:

sympathetic -
parasympathetic -

A

sympathetic - sup. inf. and middle ganglia of sympathetic trunk

parasympathetic - vagus (CN X)

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6
Q

thyroid blood supply?

A

superior and inferior thyroid arteries

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7
Q

nexus drainage of thyroid?

A

3 pairs:

superior/middle thyroid vein

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8
Q

what is the other name for the posterior suspensory ligament?

A

berry ligament

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9
Q

what nerve is at risk of damage in surgery of the thyroid?

A

recurrent laryngeal nerve

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10
Q

the colloid contains ________ enclosed by __________ cells

A

the colloid contains TYROSINE enclosed by FOLLICULAR cells

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11
Q

what do parafollicular C cells secrete?

A

calcitonin

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12
Q

what element is used to synthesise thyroid hormone?

A

iodine

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13
Q

thyroxine hormone has how many iodines attached to it?

A

4

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14
Q

what drug is used to prevent active hormone being produced?

A

carbimazole

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15
Q
  1. iodine taken up by ________ cells
  2. _______ attached to tyrosine residues on thyroglobulin to form MIT and DIT
  3. coupling of MIT and DIT (T_) and 2 DITs (T_)
  4. stored in colloid thyroglobulin till required
A
  1. iodine taken up by FOLLICLE cells
  2. IODINE attached to tyrosine residues on thyroglobulin to form MIT and DIT
  3. coupling of MIT and DIT (T3) and 2 DITs (T4)
  4. stored in colloid thyroglobulin till required
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16
Q

T3 or T4?

90% of secreted thyroid hormone

10% of secreted thyroid hormone

T_ is 4 times more potent than T_

T_ is converted to T_ in any cell

major biologically active thyroid hormone

A

90% of secreted thyroid hormone -T4

10% of secreted thyroid hormone - T3

T3 is 4 times more potent than T4

T4 is converted to T3 in any cell

major biologically active thyroid hormone - T3

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17
Q

T3 and T4 are _____phobic so bind to plasma proteins

A

T3 and T4 are HYDROPHOBIC so bind to plasma proteins

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18
Q

name the 3 major binding protein that T3 and T4 bind to

A

thyroxine binding globulin - TBG

thyroxine binding prealbumin - TBPA

albumin

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19
Q

bound or unbind is the biologically active form?

A

unbound

20
Q

only the ________ hormone is available to tissue

A

only the UNBOUND hormone is available to tissue

21
Q

what increases the total binding globulin but has no effect on free?

A

pregnancy

22
Q

name the effects of thyroxine

A 
moist skin
anxiety
tachycardia
palpitations
loose bowels
lose period
muscle wasting
23
Q

what hormones increase basal metabolic rate, thermogenesis, carbohydrate, lipid and protein metabolism

A

thyroid hormones

24
Q

you need thyroid hormone for ____ production and so for growth

A

you need thyroid hormone for GHRH production and so for growth

25
Q

what drug is used to treat sympathetic symptoms in initial stages of hyperthyroidism?

A

propanolol

26
Q

___ from hypothalamus stimulates ___ release from _________ pituitary

TSH is the major stimulant to release T3 and T4 from the ________ gland

T3 and T4 exert ________ feedback control of TRH and TSH release

A

TRH from hypothalamus stimulates TSH release from ANTERIOR pituitary

TSH is the major stimulant to release T3 and T4 from the THYROID gland

T3 and T4 exert NEGATIVE feedback control of TRH and TSH release

27
Q

in babies:

cold stimulates ___ release

which stimulates ___ release

so increases __ and __ release from thyroid

A

in babies:

cold stimulates TRH release

which stimulates TSH release

so increases T3 and T4 release from thyroid

28
Q

what inhibits TRH and TSH release?

A

stress

29
Q

thyroid hormone is highest at _____ and lost in the ________

A

thyroid hormone is highest at NIGHT and lost in the MORNING

30
Q

name the important family of enzymes important in the activation an deactivation of thyroid hormone

name the particularly important member of this family

A

delodinase enzymes

Type 3

31
Q

__ activates T4 to T3 in tissues

A

D2 activates T4 to T3 in tissues

32
Q

name the location of the following de-iodinase enzymes:

type I -

type II -

type III -

A

type I - liver and kidney

type II - heart, muscle, CNS, fat, thyroid, pituitary

type III - fetal tissue, placenta and brain - NOT pituitary

33
Q

primary thyroid gland failure may result in the presentation of what?

A

a goitre (enlarged thyroid)

34
Q

goitre or no goitre:

secondary to TRH or TSH

A

no goitre

35
Q

goitre or no goitre:

lack of iodine in diet

A

may be associated with goitre

36
Q

hypothyroidism symptoms?

A 
reduced BMR
slow pulse rate
fatigue, lethargy, mental sluggishness
cold-intolerance
put on weight
37
Q

name the condition in adults associated with puffy face, hands and feet

A

myxoedema

38
Q

name the condition in babies associated with dwarfism and limited mental functioning due to deficiency of thyroid hormones at birth

A

cretinism

39
Q

name the common disease associated with hyperthyroidism

A

grave’s disease

40
Q

is graves disease autoimmune?

A

yes

41
Q

what is bulging of the eyes called in graves disease called?

A

exophthalmos

42
Q

is there a goitre in graves disease?

A

yes

43
Q

graves disease symptoms?

A 
increased BMR
fast pulse
increased nervousness
insomnia
sweating
heat intolerance
lose weight
44
Q

what is the main regulator of thyroid hormone release?

A

TSH

45
Q

what is the most biologically thyroid active hormone?

A

T3

Endocrinology (31 decks)

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